Deck 3: Methods

Question 1

Which method has been found to improve memory, attention, and other abilities in neurologically normal individuals?

A)Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS
B)Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
C)Electroencephalography (EEG)
D)Event-related Potentials (ERPs)

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI is a methodology that relies on the fact that there is an increased magnetic signal a given brain region due to __________

A)A decrease in the level of deoxygenated blood
B)An increase in the level of oxygenated blood
C)A reciprocal relationship between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
D)An additive effect of the levels of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Computational models used in conjunction with neuroimaging measures are able to provide valuable information that may help in diagnosing clinical conditions by revealing:

A)Important structural information about the brain
B)Which specific brain area is most active during specific psychological states
C)Unique patterns of neural activity that can predict a particular mental state or group status
D)The severity of certain cognitive deficits over time

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which method can be used to assess glutamate and GABA, the main excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, whose concentrations in the brain are high?

A)Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT
B)Electroencephalography (EEG)
C)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
D)Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)

Question 5

If a researcher wanted to understand how quickly attention can be allocated to a novel auditory stimulus, they would most likely use which technique:
A.Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt the auditory cortex
B.Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to measure the binding affinity of neurotransmitters that modulate attention
C.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to reconstruct the neuroanatomical areas related to attention and audition
D.Electroencephalography (EEG) to measure Event-related Potentials (ERPs)
associated with early attentional processing

Question 6

Which of the following is true about PET?

A)It cannot assess receptor binding affinity or concentration
B)It can be performed an unlimited number of times
C)It has a low temporal resolution
D)It cannot be used to measure regional cerebral blood flow

Question 7

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) commonly used to treat?

A)Memory loss
B)Substance abuse
C)Depression
D)Schizophrenia

Question 8

Which method is most commonly clinically used to localize the source of epileptic activity and to locate primary sensory cortices so they can be avoided during neurosurgical intervention?

A)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
B)Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
C)Event-related Potentials (ERPs)
D)Electroencephalography (EEG)

Question 9

Which method has reported induced seizures, mild headaches, muscle twitches and nausea as possible side effects?

A)Electroencephalography (EEG)
B)Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
C)Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
D)Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Question 10

Which method is particularly useful for examining how the brain uses specific molecules and provides information on absolute levels of brain metabolism?

A)Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
B)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
C)Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
D)Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

Question 11

Which of these is a disadvantage of MRI?

A)Expensive and not commonly available.
B)Cannot be used by people with pacemakers, or anyone with metal in their body that is not connected to hard tissue.
C)Cannot provide information on subcortical structures.
D)Involves the use of ionizing radiation.

Question 12

Which of the following are both disadvantages to using TMS and optical imaging?

A)They are both expensive techniques
B)They are both unable to target subcortical brain regions
C)They are both unable to measure regional cerebral blood flow
D)They are both invasive techniques

Question 13

EEG is a methodology useful for assessing which of the following:

A)The spatial location of distributed networks of activation associated with a particular mental function
B)The timing and frequency of brain activation
C)The frequency of neuronal spiking in subcortical regions
D)The integrity of white matter tracts connects anterior and posterior brain regions.

Question 14

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures which of the following to understand neural connectivity?

A)Receptor binding affinity
B)Cortical thickness in specific brain areas of interest
C)The direction in which water flows in white matter tracts
D)Neural activation in gray matter

Question 15

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) works by detecting differences in the magnetic properties of what materials?

A)Neurotransmitters
B)Nutrients
C)Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
D)Neurons

Question 16

In a single fMRI acquisition information on brain activation is generally obtained in how many locations across the brain?

A)Over 30,000
B)Over 300
C)Over 300,000
D)Over 30

Question 17

Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) is a technique used for what purpose?

A)It assesses the area where specific receptor concentrations are highest
B)It reconstructs neuroanatomical areas based on time frequencies of neural activation
C)It classifies the pattern of neural activity that are associated with different cognitive inputs, such as faces.
D)It allows for predictions of white matter connectivity based on cognitive markers

Question 18

Which of the following is a standard estimate of premorbid functioning:

A)Vocabulary test
B)Magnetic resonance imaging scan
C)Processing speed assessment
D)Recall test

Question 19

Which statement below is the correct definition of event-related potentials (ERPs)?

A)Magnetic potentials that are associated with electrical activity in the brain.
B)Electrical potentials that are recorded in response to an event and are time-locked.
C)Electrical potentials that are recorded at rest and are time-locked.
D)Electrical potentials that are recorded in response to an event and are not time dependent.

Question 20

What do the Weschler family of tests measure?

A)Visual processing
B)Emotional functioning
C)Language
D)Intelligence