Deck 13: Prisons and Jails

Question 1

The stocks and the pillory are examples of what early form of punishment?

A)Exile
B)Branding
C)Public humiliation
D)Flogging

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Federal inmates are most commonly sentenced for

A)property crime.
B)drug law violations.
C)violent crimes.
D)immigration law violations.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Work release is representative of which era in the development of U.S.prisons?

A)The reform era
B)The treatment era
C)The just deserts era
D)The community-based era

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Why did some inmates oppose the treatment model?

A)They preferred the limitations characteristic of the punitive era.
B)They were not given a choice in treatment participation.
C)They were opposed to rehabilitation efforts.
D)They disliked the warehousing aspect of the model.

Question 5

Which of the following prison programs is most characteristic of the just-deserts era of corrections?

A)Prison industries
B)Group therapy
C)Work release
D)Chain gangs

Question 6

Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?

A)The community-based era
B)The industrial era
C)The penitentiary era
D)The punitive era

Question 7

Lex talionis is also known as the law of

A)retaliation.
B)exile.
C)talent.
D)rated capacity.

Question 8

Which of the following is a strategy for dealing with serious offenders that focuses on protecting society and does not attempt rehabilitation?

A)Warehousing
B)Work release
C)Deinstitutionalization
D)The mark system

Question 9

The emphasis on individual responsibility is a key characteristic of the ________ model.

A)rehabilitative
B)medical
C)justice
D)evidence-based

Question 10

The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation.

A)community-based
B)reformatory
C)mass prison
D)penitentiary

Question 11

The first mass prison system,in which inmates lived,ate,and worked together in enforced silence,was known as the ________ system.

A)Auburn
B)Pennsylvania
C)Reformatory
D)Pittsburgh

Question 12

A typical state prison today

A)is a massive high security facility housing over 1,000 inmates.
B)is fairly small,with a population of less than 500 inmates.
C)uses an open-style design.
D)emphasizes the use of solitary confinement.

Question 13

Which system of inmate labor turned control of inmates over to non-correctional personnel?

A)The contract system
B)The public-works system
C)The public-account system
D)The lease system

Question 14

A journalist who is writing an article on prison overcrowding in the U.S.and wants to use the estimate that shows the highest amount of overcrowding would probably choose which definition of prison capacity?

A)Rated capacity
B)Design capacity
C)Confinement capacity
D)Operational capacity

Question 15

The ________ was an early American system of imprisonment that was considered to be humane and that provided inmates with the opportunity for rehabilitation.

A)Massachusetts system
B)Pennsylvania system
C)Irish system
D)Elmira system

Question 16

Which of the following is not a component of a typical prison system in a relatively populous state?

A)One ultra-high-security prison for terrorists,serial killers,and the like
B)One institution for adult women
C)At least one institution for young adults under age 25
D)At least one open-type institution for low-risk,nonviolent inmates

Question 17

The modern practice of parole has its origins in the work of which reformer?

A)Sir Walter Crofton
B)Robert Martinson
C)Captain Alexander Maconochie
D)Zebulon Brockway

Question 18

What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons?

A)It effectively ended prison industries.
B)It increased the problem of prison overcrowding.
C)It expanded the use of intermediate sentencing.
D)It limited the use of "good time" credits.

Question 19

What made Maconochie's system of marks unique and innovative in corrections at that time?

A)It ensured offenders learned to read and write.
B)It increased the severity of the punishment endured by inmates.
C)It prevented correctional officers from abusing inmates.
D)It put the responsibility for earning early release on the inmate.

Question 20

Robert Martinson's "nothing-works" doctrine was an attack on

A)warehousing.
B)treatment.
C)prison industries.
D)selective incapacitation.

Question 21

________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society.

A)Collective
B)Focused
C)High-security
D)Selective

Question 22

Female officers working in jails

A)are disproportionately skewed toward lower-ranked jobs.
B)make up about 50% of correctional officers in jails.
C)are usually regarded negatively by male officers.
D)are usually not allowed to supervise male inmates in unscreened showers.

Question 23

An important security tool in medium-security prisons is

A)laser motion detectors.
B)the count.
C)gun towers.
D)inmate restraint.

Question 24

What is a federal ADMAX prison?

A)A prison for white-collar criminals
B)A maximum-security prison for women
C)A facility for housing offenders who have violated administrative law
D)An ultra-high-security prison

Question 25

The typical American prison today is

A)an ADMAX prison.
B)minimum or medium custody.
C)a private prison.
D)a maximum custody facility.

Question 26

In Johnson v.California,the Supreme Court reviewed California's unwritten policy of racially segregating prisoners each time they entered a new correctional facility,as a way of preventing gang-related violence.What was the Court's ruling,and why?

A)The policy was acceptable because it protected inmates and helped to ensure safety and security within the prisons.
B)The policy was unconstitutional because forced segregation violated the 8th Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.
C)The policy was acceptable because it had been shown to significantly reduce the amount of violence caused by racial gangs in prisons.
D)The policy was unconstitutional because it did not serve a compelling state interest.

Question 27

Which of the following statements regarding prison privatization is true?

A)The privatization movement began in the early 21st century and has been expanding quickly.
B)Research suggests that private prisons produce significant cost savings over publicly-run institutions.
C)More inmates are currently held in private prisons than in government-operated prisons.
D)Correctional officers working in private prisons are not covered by state laws that govern the activities of public correctional officers.

Question 28

The jail strategy that eliminates traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff is known as ________ supervision.

A)intense
B)direct
C)custodial
D)close

Question 29

Which of the following is considered to be the most secure prison ever built by the federal government?

A)FCC at Allenwood,Pennsylvania
B)ADMAX at Florence,Colorado
C)California City Correctional Center
D)CCM at Washington,D.C.

Question 30

What was the original purpose of a jail?

A)To hold inmates who have been sentenced to long periods of incarceration
B)To operate community-based programs with a custodial component
C)To serve as a transfer point for mentally ill offenders
D)To hold arrested suspects who are awaiting trial

Question 31

Which of the following statements about new-generation jails is false?

A)They result in higher rates of lawsuits brought by inmates.
B)They allow correctional officers to continuously monitor inmates.
C)They significantly reduce the risk of inmate victimization.
D)They are designed to improve inmate-staff communication.

Question 32

The Pennsylvania system used congregate workshops and required inmates to be silent at all times.

Question 33

What is the purpose of an external or initial classification system in corrections?

A)To assign new inmates to a custody level
B)To assign new inmates to treatment programs
C)To identify which inmates should be assigned to prison labor programs
D)To determine whether an inmate should be placed in a state or federal prison

Question 34

According to the text,the fastest-growing population of jail inmates is

A)women.
B)Hispanics.
C)African-Americans.
D)Asians.

Question 35

Most people processed through jails in the U.S.are

A)juveniles.
B)senior citizens.
C)women.
D)members of minority groups.

Question 36

Workhouses provided training in marketable job skills so inmates would be able to find jobs upon release.

Question 37

Which of the following is a characteristic of a medium security federal correctional institution?

A)It provides inmate labor to off-site work programs.
B)It has the highest staff-to-inmate ratio.
C)It has mostly cell-type housing.
D)It has a highly secured perimeter.

Question 38

Why are regional jails becoming more popular?

A)They provide inmates with opportunities for job training.
B)They are more economical.
C)They are more humane.
D)They have been shown to have reduced levels of inmate violence.

Question 39

The stocks and pillory were designed to publicly humiliate offenders and give members of the community an opportunity for vengeance.

Question 40

The purpose of mutilation as a punishment for criminal behavior is specific deterrence.

Question 41

In recent years,the rate of new prison construction has increased significantly.

Question 42

According to the U.S.Supreme Court,overcrowding in prison constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.

Question 43

The just deserts philosophy emphasized deterrence as the main purpose of incarceration.

Question 44

Women correctional officers working in jails generally are given have equal status with male staffers.

Question 45

The ADMAX unit is the most high-security federal correctional institution.

Question 46

Prison industries today are limited to state-use systems only.

Question 47

The majority of women in jail have not graduated from high school.

Question 48

The typical American prison today is a maximum-security institution.

Question 49

Most people processed through jails are white.

Question 50

One criticism of selective incapacitation is the high rate of false positives.

Question 51

A prison's design capacity refers to the size of the inmate population that it can handle,according to the judgment of experts.

Question 52

Death-row inmates are placed in maximum security institutions.

Question 53

Chain gangs today mainly use jail inmates.

Question 54

Deinstitutionalization emphasized the need for rehabilitation to occur in the community.

Question 55

Research suggests that violence between inmates and staff is more common in new-generation jails because of the lack of barriers separating them.

Question 56

Internal classification systems are used to determine what treatment and other programs are needed by individual inmates within a particular facility.

Question 57

The "nothing-works" doctrine contributed to a move away from rehabilitation.

Question 58

The rate of imprisonment varies widely by state.

Question 59

Sir Walter Crofton's Irish system emphasized the need to reintegrate offenders back into the community prior to release.

Question 60

The Ashurst-Sumners Act allowed inmates to refuse to participate in treatment programs in prison.

Question 61

During the ________ era,large numbers of offenders were incarcerated in an attempt to protect society and prevent crime,but rehabilitation was essentially abandoned.

Question 62

Historically,________ were used to house debtors and vagrants in Europe

Question 63

The Elmira Reformatory in New York State used ________ sentencing to make early release possible for offenders.

Question 64

Under the ________ system of inmate labor,private contractors were eliminated and industries were entirely prison-owned and managed by prison authorities.

Question 65

About ________ percent of jails house almost half of all jail inmates in the U.S.

Question 66

The early ________ system of imprisonment emphasized solitary confinement and minimal contact between inmates and staff.

Question 67

Under the British program of ________,convicted offenders were banished to the American colonies.

Question 68

The ________ capacity is the number of inmates that a prison can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff,programs,and services.

Question 69

Federal ________ are correctional institutions such as MDCs and medical centers that have special missions.

Question 70

The ________ era was based on a medical model of corrections.

Question 71

________ jails allow for continuous observation of inmates.

Question 72

________ is a strategy that focuses on identifying the most dangerous criminals and sending them to prison as a way of protecting society.

Question 73

Prisons use a(n)________ system to assign new inmates to initial custody levels based on perceived dangerousness,escape risk,and type of offense.

Question 74

Jails rarely provide programs for inmates who need drug treatment.

Question 75

One of the most significant barriers to privatization is the passage of new state laws that prohibit private involvement in correctional management.

Question 76

________ jails are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions.

Question 77

The early doctrine of ________ reflects the law of retaliation,where a convicted offender is given a punishment that closely approximates the injury to the victim.

Question 78

The ________ era emphasized custody and institutional security and was characterized by an "out of sight,out of mind" philosophy.

Question 79

The focus on the need for cost-effective solutions to correctional issues is characteristic of the current ________ era.

Question 80

According to various studies,private prisons have not created significant cost savings for the states that use them.