Deck 15: Moral Development and Aggression

Question 1

Which two moral foundations regulate behaviour in close social relationships?

A)care and fairness
B)fairness and loyalty
C)loyalty and authority
D)authority and care

Answer 1

care and fairness

Question 2

According to the norm of responsibility, why does altruism increase with age?

A)Improved role-taking skills help the child infer the other person's feelings.
B)Improved understanding of empathic arousal produces self-reflection.
C)The child is less likely to experience empathic distress.
D)Children are more likely to make external attributions for the distress experienced by another person.

Answer 2

Improved understanding of empathic arousal produces self-reflection.

Question 3

What form of aggression is intended to injure another person in order to obtain a means to an end?

A)vicarious
B)proactive
C)relational
D)hostile

Answer 3

proactive

Question 4

Which of the following best summarizes the results of Shweder and colleagues' cross-cultural research comparing age-related changes in moral development of children living in India and in the United States?

A)American children increasingly viewed issues as matters of universal moral principles, whereas Indian children did not.
B)Both groups of children increasingly viewed issues as involving universal moral principles.
C)Indian children increasingly viewed issues as matters of universal moral principles, whereas American children did not.
D)Both groups of children decreasingly viewed issues as involving universal moral principles.

Question 5

Compared to both nonaggressive and proactive-aggressive children, what type of aggression characterizes a reactive aggressor?

A)relational
B)instrumental
C)passive
D)physical

Question 6

At what age do children typically begin to show evidence of proactive aggression?

A)6 months
B)12 months
C)2 years
D)4 years

Question 7

According to the textbook, what is one Western cultural value that may be in conflict with the development of altruism?

A)the pursuit of money and material possessions
B)an emphasis on the need for schooling and higher education
C)competition and individual goals
D)the norm of social responsibility

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the research findings regarding the stability of aggression in males and females?

A)It is stable over time for males but not females.
B)It is unstable over time for males but not females.
C)It is stable over time for both females and males.
D)It is unstable over time for both males and females.

Question 9

According to Kohlberg, what form of moral reasoning predominates during adolescence and emerging adulthood?

A)naive hedonism
B)morality of contract
C)moral relativism
D)good boy/good girl morality

Question 10

Amanda is 14 years old, and for several years has been a victim of Julie and Julie's friends.Recently in desperation, Amanda turns around and tells Julie what she really thinks of her.Everyone in the hallway hears and becomes interested in the verbal screaming match.As a result, Julie and her friends no longer harass Amanda.In this case, Amanda's aggressive behaviour is likely to increase due to which principle of operant conditioning?

A)positive reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)negative reinforcement
D)negative punishment

Question 11

Suppose that you overhear someone discussing a recent situation that required her to make a moral judgement.When she states her reasons for her decision, you immediately classify her as reasoning at the preconventional level.What did she base her decision on that allowed you make this classification?

A)external consequences
B)internalized rules
C)abstract principles
D)morality of the law and social rules

Question 12

Whereas some prosocial responses can be observed in children as young as 2 to 3 years of age, others are seldom observed until the elementary school years.What two responses are characteristic of this latter stage of development?

A)sympathy and helping
B)compassion and sharing
C)sharing and helping
D)sympathy and compassion

Question 13

Piaget's theory of moral development stresses that moral development occurs in which stages?

A)two variable
B)three invariant
C)three variable
D)six invariant

Question 14

Kohlberg's three levels of moral development are based on the developmental sequence of what behaviour?

A)decisions about moral dilemmas
B)reasoning about moral dilemmas
C)knowledge of the moral rules of the culture
D)overt behaviours when faced with moral dilemmas

Question 15

If an individual at the conventional level of moral reasoning had to choose between stealing and letting a loved one die, what would that person do?

A)refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing
B)steal because people might get mad if the loved one dies
C)refuse to steal because it was against the law
D)steal because human life is more important than societal law

Question 16

If an individual at the postconventional level of moral reasoning had to choose between stealing and letting a loved starve, what might that person do?

A)refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing
B)steal because a human's suffering is more important than societal law
C)refuse to steal because it was against the role of being a trusted citizen
D)steal because there is a social obligation to protect our loved ones

Question 17

A father speaks closely to his son in a restaurant: "Dennis, I'm going to tell you all the reasons it is wrong to throw food in a place like this." What type of moral explanation is the father using?

A)cognitive rationale
B)relational offspring aggression
C)time-out tongue-wagging
D)mutually responsive orientation

Question 18

How might a person at Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development justify returning a wallet full of money?

A)Such acts are usually rewarded.
B)Such acts help to maintain social order.
C)Good people perform kind acts.
D)Keeping the wallet would result in punishment.

Question 19

According to Hoffman, which disciplinary strategy is most effective in promoting moral maturity?

A)love-withdrawal
B)direct punishment
C)rationales
D)permissiveness

Question 20

Suppose you are conducting a blind observation of a group of children as they work on a construction project, and you record the frequency and context of retaliatory aggressive acts.Later you learn that the children who committed the most acts of retaliation had been previously categorized as reactive aggressors.Given this scenario, under what circumstances did you record the most incidents of retaliation?

A)The initial act involved unprovoked physical aggression.
B)The context for the initial act involved intentional ambiguity.
C)The initial act involved accidental physical contact.
D)The context for the initial act involved relational intent.

Question 21

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the effectiveness of using nonpunitive methods to promote behavioural self-control?

A)Nonpunitive methods are highly effective.
B)To be effective, mild punitive measures must accompany other strategies.
C)Nonpunitive methods are ineffective and sometimes produce the opposite behaviour.
D)The effectiveness of nonpunitive methods is age-dependent.

Question 22

According to Dodge, what is the first step in an aggressive encounter?

A)Enact a response.
B)Encode and interpret social cues.
C)Generate problem-solving strategies.
D)Evaluate the likely effectiveness of response strategies.

Question 23

According to Gilligan's research, the definition of morality should be broadened to include which of the following concerns?

A)rights and intentions
B)intentions and justice
C)emotional responses
D)caring and interpersonal relationships

Question 24

What is the defining characteristic of aggression?

A)The aggressor intends to injure another living being.
B)The aggressor causes physical or psychological harm.
C)The aggressor is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act.
D)The aggressor derives enjoyment from the aggressive act.

Question 25

According to research evidence, why is empathy a poor predictor of altruistic behaviour in young children?

A)They are less able to experience vicarious emotions.
B)They often fail to understand why they feel emotionally aroused.
C)They have not yet developed the capacity to experience empathy.
D)They are less likely to experience personal distress when they are emotionally aroused.

Question 26

What form of moral reasoning do people from collectivistic cultures show when they are evaluated with Kohlberg's dilemmas of moral reasoning?

A)They are judged as reasoning at the conventional level.
B)They are judged as reasoning at the preconventional level.
C)They rarely rise about the conventional level.
D)They are rated as postconventional reasoners, regardless of the naïveté of their cognitions.

Question 27

In general, how does universalistic moral thinking change as a person ages?

A)It always remains stable.
B)It always increases.
C)It always decreases.
D)It may increase or decrease.

Question 28

Heidi purposely hit Emily with a ball during a school activity.After school, Emily attacked Heidi with her fists.What form of aggression did Emily engage in?

A)proactive
B)relational
C)hostile
D)retaliatory

Question 29

Why has Hoffman's conclusion that rationale-based induction is the most effective disciplinary technique been criticized?

A)He tested as few as four children in some treatment conditions.
B)He did not compare male and female children.
C)He applied physical discipline to children in some research groups.
D)He was unable to establish a causal link between induction and morality.

Question 30

Which form of aggression is more common among boys than girls?

A)overt
B)relational
C)passive
D)proactive

Question 31

Based on the data gathered from numerous cross-cultural studies on aggression in males and females, which of the following conclusions has received the most support?

A)Males are more likely to engage in both physical and verbal aggression.
B)Females are more likely to engage in retaliatory aggression than are males.
C)Males are more likely to engage in physical aggression, whereas females are more likely to engage in verbal aggression.
D)Females are more likely to engage in both physical and verbal aggression.

Question 32

Which of the following best summarizes the findings of Goodenough's research regarding patterns of aggression between the ages of 3 and 5 years?

A)Verbal aggression gradually declined and was replaced by physical aggression.
B)Physical aggression gradually increased, replacing relational aggression.
C)A slow, steady decline was observed for all forms of aggression.
D)Physical aggression gradually declined and was replaced by verbal aggression.

Question 33

Thomas finds a wallet full of cash on the counter of the men's restroom.He immediately turns it in to campus security.If Thomas generally reasons at Kohlberg's Stage 2, how would he most likely justify his actions?

A)He would be punished for keeping the wallet.
B)His act helped to maintain social order.
C)He is a good person, and good people perform acts of kindness.
D)His action is likely to be rewarded.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the research findings regarding sex differences in the perception and expression of aggression among elementary school students?

A)Neither sex perceived relational manipulation as an aggressive act.
B)Far more girls than boys expressed high levels of covert relational aggression.
C)Both boys and girls expressed high levels of covert relational aggression.
D)Far more boys than girls were perceived as using relational manipulation.

Question 35

Which of the following people would likely score highest on universalistic moral thinking?

A)a 60-year-old Hindu person
B)a 60-year-old American
C)a 13-year-old American
D)a 13-year-old Hindu person

Question 36

In which of Piaget's stages of moral development are children either unaware of rules or make up rules informally while they play?

A)moderate
B)heteronomous
C)autonomous
D)premoral

Question 37

Shaelynn lived in Toronto during the collapse of the World Trade Center towers in New York City.Shaelynn was saddened by the TV images of desperate people passing out photo handbills of their missing relatives, friends, and employees.Given this scenario, which factor is most likely to contribute to Shaelynn's feelings for the survivors?

A)effective role taking
B)self-oriented distress
C)passive victimization
D)hedonistic dysphoria

Question 38

What is the process through which a person adopts the morals of society?

A)accommodation
B)assimilation
C)internalization
D)individuation

Question 39

During the kindergarten years, what percentage of children report that they have been victims of violence?

A)10 percent
B)20 percent
C)50 percent
D)90 percent

Question 40

According to Olweus, what type of victim is most likely to become targeted by the habitual bully?

A)passive victims who are reluctant to fight back
B)provocative victims who display a hostile attributional bias
C)passive victims who display an instrumental attributional bias
D)provocative victims who are physically weak and socially withdrawn

Question 41

According to Piaget, the transition from heteronomous to autonomous morality depends on what developmental process?

A)cognitive maturation
B)social experience and social interactions
C)both cognitive maturation and social interaction
D)maturation of the central nervous system

Question 42

Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions drawn from recent research regarding sex differences in altruism?

A)Whether males or females are more likely to show helping behaviour depends on the specific context.
B)Females of all ages show more helping behaviour than males.
C)Males and females of all ages are more likely to help others of their own sex.
D)Males and females of all ages are more likely to help others of the opposite sex.

Question 43

According to the findings of Whitings's cross-cultural research, what societal characteristics tend to produce children with higher levels of altruistic behaviour?

A)The country is industrialized.
B)Resources are plentiful, and cost of living is low.
C)The society stresses the norm of individualized, nuclear families.
D)The society stresses the norm of communal, family living.

Question 44

Which of the following techniques for controlling aggression involves punishing aggressive acts without providing potentially reinforcing attention?

A)incompatible-response
B)time out
C)modelling or coaching
D)empathy training

Question 45

Suppose you are babysitting your friend's child Dionne.Dionne has snuck out of bed and is now watching late-night cartoons, which your friend has said he is not allowed to watch.Based on your knowledge of current research findings, what should you incorporate into your response in order to foster Dionne's ability to resist this same temptation in the future?

A)Emphasize being caught and punished for the act.
B)Explain why the act is wrong.
C)Read a story where the main character is punished for similar transgressions.
D)Punish him immediately.

Question 46

Which of a child's peers are most often the targets of a habitual bully's aggression?

A)any of their peers
B)other aggressive children
C)weak, socially isolated children
D)children who cause them accidental harm

Question 47

In which country do all children score very high on measures of altruism?

A)Mexico
B)the United States
C)India
D)Kenya

Question 48

According to the results of Colby and colleagues' 20-year longitudinal study of Kohlberg's original research participants, which level of moral reasoning characterized most of the participants in adulthood?

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional, Stage 5
D)postconventional, Stage 6

Question 49

According to Piaget, why might equal-status contact with peers lead to autonomous morality?

A)It increases the child's respect for authority.
B)It undermines the child's self-respect and self-confidence.
C)It provides additional models for moral behaviour.
D)It illustrates that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed.

Question 50

What is the critical characteristic of a person who commits an act of hostile aggression?

A)He or she is frustrated by someone or something.
B)He or she acts impulsively rather than with thought or deliberation.
C)He or she experiences anger or some other strong emotion.
D)He or she inflicts harm for its own sake, rather than as a means to an end.

Question 51

Parker is playing on the swings at the playground when Charlotte suddenly pushes him off so she can swing on it.Parker gets up and punches Charlotte.What type of aggression does Parker's behaviour exemplify?

A)proactive
B)vicarious
C)hostile
D)relational

Question 52

Which of the following strategies is employed by parents whose children show low levels of altruistic behaviour?

A)They praise the child for acts of kindness.
B)They provide tangible rewards for sharing or helping.
C)They model altruism in their own lives.
D)They give affective explanations when the child causes harm to others.

Question 53

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the relationship between formal-operational reasoning and morality?

A)It is necessary for postconventional moral reasoning.
B)It assures that an individual will progress to the highest postconventional stage of moral reasoning.
C)It is necessary only for conventional moral reasoning.
D)It is necessary only for preconventional moral reasoning.

Question 54

Preschool teachers often believe that they can reduce children's aggression by attempting to "engineer" the environment of their classroom.In general, are these attempts effective?

A)Yes, they are an effective way of reducing the incidence of aggressive acts.
B)No, they have little effect on the incidence of aggressive acts.
C)No, they backfire and result in an increase in aggressive acts.
D)They are partially effective, as they are ineffective at controlling aggressive acts but effective in reducing the actual harm caused by aggressive acts.

Question 55

What is the term for a parent-child relationship characterized by shared positive affect?

A)mutually prosocial
B)mutual relational
C)mutually responsive
D)shared relational

Question 56

A goal of successful development that is expressed in every culture is that children should acquire the moral rules of that society.In meeting this goal, which of the following is viewed as essential for mature morality?

A)being obedient for tangible rewards
B)fear of punishment for wrongdoing
C)internalization of moral principles
D)being obedient to please elders

Question 57

Based on the data gathered from numerous cross-cultural studies on aggression in males and females, which of the following conclusions has received the most support?

A)Boys are both more physically and verbally aggressive than are girls.
B)Boys are more verbally aggressive than girls, but are less physically aggressive.
C)Boys are less likely than girls to become targets of aggression.
D)Boys are more physically aggressive than girls, but are less verbally aggressive.

Question 58

According to Piaget, at what stage do children judge wrongdoing by considering whether the action was "just an accident" versus "done on purpose"?

A)autonomous morality
B)heteronomous morality
C)oedipal morality
D)negative morality

Question 59

According to research evidence, which of the following techniques is most likely to foster resistance to temptation in the absence of external surveillance?

A)punitive measures that arouse anxiety about committing the forbidden act
B)rationales that spell out the negative consequences for committing the forbidden act
C)rationales that spell out why committing the forbidden act is wrong
D)nonpunitive measures that arouse fear of detection and punishment

Question 60

Suppose you see a child hit another child to take away a ball.What form of aggression have you observed?

A)proactive
B)relational
C)hostile
D)prosocial

Question 61

Marina reads a story about a father who steals some groceries so that he can feed his hungry children.She is asked what the police should do when they catch the man.Marina says they should allow him to do some work to pay for the groceries, but he shouldn't be punished given the circumstances.Based on this information, how would Piaget categorize Marina's moral reasoning?

A)as heteronomous
B)as autonomous
C)as expiatory
D)as immanent justice

Question 62

According to Patterson's research on familial contributions to aggression, what factor maintains a coercive family environment?

A)parental use of punishment
B)negative reinforcement of aggression
C)a tendency for aggression to be ignored
D)positive reinforcement of aggression

Question 63

Which of the following most accurately reflects the stability of aggression over the course of childhood?

A)Levels of aggression are maintained throughout life at the levels displayed by 5 years of age.
B)Age-related changes to aggression cannot be predicted with accuracy.
C)Aggression steadily increases with age.
D)Aggression steadily declines with age.

Question 64

Zahn-Waxler and associates found that mothers of compassionate toddlers were more likely to respond to their child's aggressive acts with which type of statements?

A)"I said, 'Stop that.'"
B)"You made Doug cry; your biting hurt him."
C)"Go to your room, immediately!"
D)"Don't do that; you are very naughty to bite."

Question 65

Under which of the following circumstances would a person be less likely to attain Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning?

A)He or she lives within a rural community in an underdeveloped country.
B)He or she lives within an industrialized society.
C)He or she successfully engages in advanced education.
D)He or she regularly engages in intense, transactive peer discussions.

Question 66

Which of the following characterizes the play behaviour of children in Piaget's premoral stage?

A)They are systematic in their games.
B)They focus on winning.
C)They think the point of games is to take turns.
D)They are concerned about the rules of the game.

Question 67

Which of the following best describes the incompatible-response technique for reducing aggressive behaviour?

A)negatively reinforcing undesirable conduct and positively reinforcing cooperative acts such as sharing
B)temporarily removing a child from the setting in which he or she is misbehaving
C)ignoring undesirable conduct and reinforcing cooperative acts such as sharing
D)modelling nonaggressive solutions to conflict

Question 68

What aspect of Kohlberg's theory provided the core extension of Piaget's view of moral reasoning?

A)It develops earlier.
B)It develops in variable stages.
C)It is more closely tied to stages of cognitive development.
D)It extends far beyond early adolescence.

Question 69

What underlying component is common to both Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development?

A)affective
B)cognitive
C)behavioural
D)sociocultural

Question 70

According to Hoffman, what do individuals experience when they are most likely to behave altruistically?

A)self-oriented distress
B)sympathetic empathic arousal
C)prosocial guilt
D)hedonistic prosociality

Question 71

Based upon current research, what characterizes the behaviour of mothers of coercive home environments?

A)They react negatively to prosocial conduct and react positively to misconduct.
B)They punish prosocial conduct and ignore misconduct.
C)They use negative reinforcement for both prosocial conduct and misconduct.
D)They ignore prosocial conduct and punish misconduct.

Question 72

Which of the following conclusions regarding the stage sequences of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been supported by the findings of longitudinal studies?

A)It varies with religious affiliation.
B)It is highly inconsistent across cultures.
C)It is invariant and consistent.
D)It is invariant, but the criteria for each stage are inaccurate.

Question 73

According to Patterson, what should be modified to reduce a child's aggression?

A)the child's behaviour
B)the parents' behaviours
C)the family system
D)the teachers' behaviours

Question 74

Salvadore grew up in a small rural village in Bolivia, and Marty grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia.What would you to expect of these two individuals' moral behaviour as adults, based on the cross-cultural research of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A)Marty will be less likely to display postconventional moral reasoning because of his geographic location.
B)Salvadore will be less likely to display postconventional moral reasoning because of his nonindustrialized society.
C)Because both individuals are males, they will both achieve high levels of postconventional moral reasoning.
D)Because culture has little influence on the stages that Kohlberg defined, both individuals have an equal likelihood of showing postconventional moral reasoning.

Question 75

According to Piaget, what stage of moral development is characterized by a child who says that the "wrongness" of an act depends on the individual's intentions?

A)premoral
B)heteronomous
C)autonomous
D)transitive

Question 76

At what age do children show evidence of treating moral rules as more serious than social-conventional rules?

A)1 1/2 to 2 years
B)2 1/2 to 3 years
C)6 years
D)11 years

Question 77

When a person observes a model engage in an altruistic behaviour, such as donating to a charity, what effect does it have on the observer's future behaviour?

A)little effect on willingness to donate, regardless of setting
B)immediate effects on willingness to donate, if assessed in the same setting
C)immediate and long-term increases in willingness to donate, if assessed in the same setting
D)immediate and long-term increases in willingness to donate, even when assessed in a different setting

Question 78

Low-SES parents are more inclined to endorse aggressive solutions to conflict, and to encourage their children to respond forcefully when provoked by peers.The development of what personality characteristics are fostered by these practices?

A)an instrumental attributional bias, resulting in the child becoming a proactive aggressor
B)a learned-helpless orientation, resulting in the child becoming a passive victim
C)a resentful orientation, resulting in the child becoming a chronic bully
D)a hostile attributional bias, resulting in the child becoming a reactive aggressor

Question 79

Prentice is 14 years old, and for several years has been a victim of Jeremy and Jeremy's friends.Recently in desperation, Prentice fought back and ended up knocking Jeremy unconscious.As a result, Jeremy stopped picking on Prentice.In this case, Prentice's aggressive behaviour is likely to increase due to which principle of operant conditioning?

A)negative reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)positive reinforcement
D)negative punishment

Question 80

Joshua and Marvin are two 8-year-olds who are playing hockey for the Hometown Hornets.As Marvin skates down the ice past Joshua, he accidentally hits him in the face with the end of his stick.Joshua's cheek is cut quite badly, and he needs to have stitches to close the wound.What form of aggression is exemplified by Marvin's behaviour?

A)hostile
B)passive
C)proactive
D)unintentional