Deck 13: Nutrients Involved in Blood Health and Immunity

Question 1

Which of the following cells are key to our immune function?

A)erythrocytes
B)leukocytes
C)platelets
D)osteocytes

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Amy would like to enhance the absorption of iron from her spinach salad. Which of the following foods should she add to her salad?

A)baked tofu
B)ground flax seeds
C)cooked chickpeas
D)chopped strawberries.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Due to its close relationship with iron, ceruloplasmin is also called:

A)ferritin.
B)trans ferritin.
C)ferroxidase.
D)ferric copper.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The two storage forms of iron are ferritin and:

A)ceruloplasmin.
B)transferritin.
C)hemosiderin.
D)hephaestin.

Question 5

A majority of zinc is carried by ________ in the blood.

A)trans ferritin
B)albumin
C)lipoproteins
D)chylomicron

Question 6

The oxygen-carrying protein found in our red blood cells is called:

A)myoglobin.
B)hemoglobin.
C)iron.
D)hemosiderin.

Question 7

Meat factor is:

A)a special factor found in beef, fish, and poultry that enhances iron absorption.
B)the protein carrier needed by the body to absorb dietary manganese, folate, or vitamin B₆.
C)a coenzyme involved in the metabolism of protein and fat.
D)a compound found in animal products that decreases the absorption of dietary folate.

Question 8

Hapreet has just had her ferritin levels checked and her physician has told her that her levels are low. She is surprised to hear this because she has not noticed any physical symptoms. In what stage of iron deficiency is Hapreet?

A)iron-deficiency erythropoiesis
B)iron depletion
C)iron-deficiency anemia
D)microcytic anemia

Question 9

If an individual were to chronically consume antacids, what effect could this have on their ability to absorb iron?

A)decreased absorption due to neutralization of the stomach acid
B)increased absorption due to a more basic stomach pH
C)antacids would not affect iron absorption
D)decreased absorption as the basic environment would cause the iron to form a complex with zinc

Question 10

Which of the following is a good source of heme-iron?

A)fish
B)spinach
C)fortified bread
D)beans

Question 11

The majority of copper is absorbed from the:

A)mouth.
B)stomach.
C)small intestine.
D)large intestine.

Question 12

________ is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide.

A)Calcium
B)Vitamin B₁₂
C)Iron
D)Folate

Question 13

Insufficient intake of iron will FIRST affect the body's ________ levels.

A)hemoglobin
B)hephaestin
C)transferrin
D)ferritin

Question 14

Approximately what percentage of dietary zinc is absorbed?

A)5 - 10%
B)10 - 35%
C)25 - 40%
D)> 80%

Question 15

Which of the following individuals would be the MOST likely to have adequate iron stores?

A)a 46-year-old healthy male
B)a women in her third trimester of pregnancy
C)a female long-distance runner
D)a 13-year-old girl

Question 16

Which of the following is a positively charged trace mineral?

A)calcium
B)zinc
C)sodium
D)chloride

Question 17

Which of the following foods would be the BEST choice to enhance zinc absorption?

A)a pork chop
B)an orange
C)spinach
D)baked beans

Question 18

Which blood protein transports copper?

A)transferritin
B)albumin
C)globulin
D)hemoglobin

Question 19

The oxygen-carrying protein used to transport oxygen in muscle is called:

A)myoglobin.
B)hemoglobin.
C)iron.
D)ferritin.

Question 20

What is the name of the zinc associated structures that helps maintain the integrity and shape of proteins?

A)zinc blocks
B)zinc enzymes
C)zinc coenzymes
D)zinc fingers

Question 21

A patient has low serum and red blood cell folate. When their physician measures their homocysteine levels they are slightly elevated. What stage of a folate deficiency is the patient in?

A)folate-deficiency erythropoiesis
B)folate-deficiency anemia
C)folate depletion
D)negative folate balance

Question 22

The primary sources of folic acid in the Canadian diet are:

A)milk and dairy products.
B)fresh fruits and vegetables.
C)meat, fish, and poultry.
D)enriched ready-to-eat cereals and bread products.

Question 23

Vitamin B₁₂ is also called:

A)ascorbic acid.
B)cyanocobalamin.
C)folate.
D)pyradoxal.

Question 24

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be vitamin B₁₂ deficient?

A)an adult following an ovo-lacto vegetarian diet
B)an adult following a strict vegan diet
C)a young child who eats chicken and tuna
D)an adult male who eats red meat daily but no seafood

Question 25

Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to have a copper deficiency?

A)an adult following a vegan diet
B)premature infant fed milk-based formula
C)adolescent female gymnast
D)adolescent male long-distance runner

Question 26

Vitamin B₁₂ is essential for the proper functioning of:

A)epithelial cells.
B)nerve cells.
C)gastric (stomach)cells.
D)hepatic (liver)cells.

Question 27

Prothrombin and factor VII are:

A)hormones that regulate the pH of the blood.
B)proteins that are involved in the coagulation of blood.
C)cofactors of energy metabolism.
D)transport proteins that aid in the absorption of iron.

Question 28

Which of the following is part of the innate branch of the immune system?

A)stomach acid
B)complement proteins
C)memory cells
D)lymphocytes

Question 29

Which of the following explains why folate is critical to the health of a newly conceived embryo?

A)Folate is needed for proper cell division.
B)Folate is essential for maintaining proper fluid balance.
C)Folate regulates bone formation.
D)Folate is essential for heart function.

Question 30

Alexia is a 35-year-old in the first trimester of her pregnancy. Since conception she has been consuming 250 mg/day of folate and 12 mg/d of zinc. Which of the following is her infant at risk for?

A)Down's syndrome
B)gestational diabetes
C)neural tube defects
D)autism

Question 31

Inadequate intrinsic factor is associated with:

A)pernicious anemia.
B)sickle-cell anemia.
C)neural tube defects.
D)thalassemia.

Question 32

Which of the following individuals would be at risk for a vitamin K deficiency?

A)a 55-year-old perimenopausal woman
B)a 16-year-old adolescent who drinks 4-5 cans of soda each day
C)a 30-year-old with Crohn's disease
D)a 6-year-old child who doesn't eat enough vegetables

Question 33

Consumption of high levels of folate supplements can mask a(n)________ deficiency.

A)niacin
B)vitamin B₆
C)iron
D)vitamin B₁₂

Question 34

Which nutrient requires intrinsic factor for absorption?

A)copper
B)vitamin B₁₂
C)zinc
D)potassium

Question 35

________ are antigen-sensitized cells that remain in circulation for long periods of time.

A)Memory cells
B)Erythrocytes
C)Leukocytes
D)Platelets

Question 36

A folate deficiency may lead to:

A)pernicious anemia.
B)iron deficiency anemia.
C)macrocytic anemia.
D)microcytic anemia.

Question 37

This condition affects as many as 30% of individuals older than 50 years of age and can contribute to decreased vitamin B₁₂ absorption.

A)irritable bowel syndrome
B)aplastic anemia
C)atrophic gastritis
D)megocytic anemia

Question 38

Which form of folate is found in most supplements?

A)folic acid
B)folate
C)five hydroxy folate
D)prefolate

Question 39

A folate deficiency may lead to:

A)low levels of methionine.
B)copper toxicity.
C)iron deficiency.
D)high levels of homocysteine.

Question 40

Which disorder leads to a toxicity of copper?

A)Wilson's disease
B)anemia
C)beriberi
D)rickets

Question 41

Juanita is 32-years-old and has just found out she is pregnant. She knows that folate is an important nutrient and wants to make sure she is meeting the recommendation. She calculates that she is getting 200 ug of food folate a day and 320 ug of synthetic folic acid from fortified food sources. How many ug of dietary folate equivalents (DFE)is provided by her diet? Is a change needed? Why or why not?

Question 42

Mr. Lopez has a family history of cardiovascular disease and elevated homocysteine levels. A researcher asks Mr. Lopez if he is interested in participating in a trial to look at the effects of a vitamin B₁₂ supplement on cardiovascular events. Why would a researcher hypothesize that a vitamin B₁₂ supplement will reduce Mr Lopez's cardiovascular risk?

A)Vitamin B₁₂ will decrease his HDL cholesterol.
B)Vitamin B₁₂ is required for the metabolism of methionine.
C)Vitamin B₁₂ will constrict the blood vessels.
D)Vitamin B₁₂ is an electrolyte that regulates heartbeat.

Question 43

A blood test reveals that an individual has low levels of circulating neutrophils. Which mineral deficiency would you check for first? How would a deficiency of this mineral impact their ability to fight an infection?

Question 44

Kylie has lost 30 pounds over the past year bringing her weight down into the healthy range. What impact could this have on her immune system?

A)increased low-grade inflammation
B)increased levels of macrophages
C)improved B and T cell responses
D)decreased immunocompetence

Question 45

Joseph is a three-year-old boy who is undernourished but otherwise healthy. His daily iron intakes average 4 mg. Which of the following is he at risk for?

A)microcytic anemia
B)macrocytic anemia
C)pernicious anemia
D)sickle cell anemia

Question 46

A non-governmental organization (NGO)wishes to reduce the risk of infections in children by providing mass vitamin A supplementation. What should they check first to ensure the program will be effective in improving immune health? Why?

Question 47

Pernicious anemia is classified as a type of ________ anemia.

A)macrocytic
B)microcytic
C)blood
D)autoimmune

Question 48

Mohammed has been fighting off a cold and is considering taking a vitamin C supplement providing 1 000 mg every day. Mohammed has also recently been diagnosed with hemochromatosis. Would you recommend he take the vitamin C supplement? Why or why not?

Question 49

Breast feeding can provide the infant with protection against illnesses because:

A)breast milk contains antibodies.
B)breast milk is more nutritionally balanced.
C)breast milk has significantly higher amounts of vitamin A.
D)breast milk contains antigens.

Question 50

You are reviewing a nutritional profile for an adult male and notice that the individual's intake of omega-6 fatty acids is 35 g per day and his omega-3 fatty acid intakes are 0.5 g per day. What would you recommend for optimal immune health?

A)an omega-3 supplement providing 20 g per day
B)adding fish to his diet to bring intakes up to 1.6 g of omega-3 per day
C)dietary omega-6 intakes of 5 g per day
D)a doubling of both omega-3 and omega-6

Question 51

Zinc lozenges are often used by people with the common cold. How could intakes above the UL impact the immune system?

A)increased ability to fight off the cold virus but only short-term
B)decreased immune response due to inhibition of folate
C)decreased immune response due to a copper deficiency
D)increased innate immunity but decreased specific immunity

Question 52

When reviewing the nutritional profile for an adult female who is 29-years-old you notice that her copper intakes are 650 ug/day and her zinc intakes are 15 mg/day. What dietary changes would you recommend if any?

Question 53

It has been proposed that zinc supplementation could beneficial for those with elevated blood glucose levels. Consider the roles of zinc in the body. Would you say this is a plausible hypothesis? Why or why not?

Question 54

Your grandfather is very confused. He has always been told that broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and green leafy vegetables are healthy. After a recent medical appointment his doctor has told him to carefully monitor his intake of these foods. His doctor also explained to him that he needs to take a drug warfarin. How would you justify the doctor's advice to your grandfather?

Question 55

Which of the following is part of the innate immune system?

A)T-cells
B)B-cells
C)plasma cells
D)natural killer cells

Question 56

Individuals can have a disorder where they have too few platelets. What effect would this have on bleeding? Why?

Question 57

To reduce the chances of having a baby with neural tube defects, all women of child bearing potential should ensure they have an adequate intake of which vitamin?

A)niacin
B)folate
C)ascorbic acid
D)cyanocobalmin

Question 58

Which of the following nutrients is a coenzyme for glutathione peroxidase?

A)selenium
B)copper
C)ascorbic acid
D)zinc

Question 59

Cara strongly believes that the birth processes should be entirely natural. She is concerned when the doctor explains that he would like to give her baby a Vitamin K injection. How would you advise Cara?

Question 60

Your 20-year-old sister has recently decided to follow a vegan diet. What recommendations would you make with respect to her iron intake? Justify your response.

Question 61

Caterina is a competitive road cyclist training for a large cycle touring race. She is trying to keep her body weight low to increase her speed on the bike and has not been consuming very much food lately. She has recently been complaining of fatigue and her doctor sent her to have her ferritin levels checked. The report found that her ferritin is low. Why did the doctor send her to have her ferritin levels checked? What type of anemia is she most at risk for? How will this impact her performance? Which supplement(s)would the doctor recommend? What are the concerns of associated supplementation?

Question 62

One of your friends is interested in taking an immune-boosting supplement containing vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc as well as some herbal extracts and asks for your opinion. Explain to your friend how the immune system works and the role of nutrition in the immune system. Would you advise her to take the supplement? Why or why not? What other advice would you provide your friend with to help her achieve optimal immune health?

Question 63

In Canada, folic acid is added to enriched grain products. Consider the role of folate in the body and the concerns with a deficient or excessive intake. Do you agree with the mandatory fortification? Why or why not?