Deck 10: Nutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

What is the function of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A)stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (reducing urine output)
B)stimulates the large intestine to absorb water (reducing fecal losses)
C)signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
D)signals the pituitary gland to increase metabolism

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Interstitial fluid is:

A)the fluid that flows between the cells.
B)the fluid in the bloodstream.
C)the fluid in the lymphatic system.
D)the fluid inside the cells.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following electrolytes is negatively charged?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)chloride
D)calcium

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The two most common intracellular ions are:

A)potassium and phosphate.
B)sodium and potassium.
C)phosphorus and calcium.
D)sodium and chloride.

Question 5

Aldosterone is produced by which organ?

A)the pituitary gland
B)the hypothalamus
C)the adrenal glands
D)the kidneys

Question 6

Intracellular fluid consists of:

A)tissue fluid (interstitial fluid).
B)plasma.
C)fluid between the body cells.
D)fluid found within the cell.

Question 7

Which of the following stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A)increased concentration of solutes in the blood
B)elevated blood volume and pressure
C)lubrication of the mouth and throat tissues
D)increased fluid excretion by the kidneys

Question 8

Plasma is an example of which fluid compartment?

A)intercellular
B)interstitial
C)intravascular
D)intraplasmal

Question 9

Water has a high heat capacity. What does this term mean?

A)It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water.
B)Water heats up or cools down very quickly.
C)Water provides a useful source of stored kilocalories.
D)Water transports the energy-yielding nutrients throughout the body.

Question 10

What is the function of aldosterone?

A)acts as a powerful vasodilator
B)stimulates the kidneys to filter out more water (increasing urine output)
C)signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
D)signals the kidneys to retain phosphate and potassium

Question 11

The two most common extracellular ions are:

A)sodium and potassium.
B)potassium and chloride.
C)phosphorus and calcium.
D)sodium and chloride.

Question 12

Which of the following is a common solvent in the body?

A)alcohol
B)fat
C)water
D)carbohydrate

Question 13

Approximately what percentage of the body is composed of fluid?

A)10-20%
B)30-45%
C)50-70%
D)75-90%

Question 14

Water formed during oxidative metabolism accounts for what percentage of the water the body needs each day?

A)0 - 5%
B)10 - 14%
C)20 - 25%
D)> 30%

Question 15

Where is ADH released from?

A)the pituitary gland
B)the hypothalamus
C)the kidneys
D)the liver

Question 16

Who would have the highest percent of total body water?

A)20-year-old obese male
B)20-year-old lean female
C)20-year-old lean male
D)20-year-old obese female

Question 17

In the angiotensin - renin system, which protein is the active vasoconstrictor?

A)Renin
B)Angiotensinogen
C)Angiotensin I
D)Angiotensin II

Question 18

Which organ is primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance?

A)small intestine
B)kidneys
C)liver
D)pancreas

Question 19

Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes inside a cell is higher than in the extracellular environment?

A)The cell will swell or burst.
B)The cell will shrink and dry up.
C)The cell will undergo mitosis and divide.
D)The cell will be unaffected.

Question 20

Which region of the brain controls fluid intake?

A)brain stem
B)pituitary gland
C)central sulcus
D)hypothalamus

Question 21

Which of the following meals should an individual trying to reduce their sodium intakes avoid?

A)a can of soup with crackers and cheese
B)a garden salad with oil and vinegar dressing
C)a plain BBQ steak with mashed potatoes
D)a dessert with a homemade brownie and ice cream

Question 22

Sylvia consumes a diet high in processed foods and has an average sodium intake of 3 800 mg/day. Which of the following diseases does her sodium intake put her MOST at risk for?

A)breast cancer
B)type 2 diabetes
C)hyponatremia
D)high blood pressure

Question 23

Hypertension affects approximately________ of all adult Canadians.

A)12%
B)19%
C)23%
D)34%

Question 24

Kevin is competing in his first Ironman Triathlon in Hawaii. He knows the climate is very different from his usual training environment in Canada. To prevent dehydration, he has been drinking large amounts of water throughout the event. He starts to feels dizzy and begins to seizure. Kevin has:

A)hyperkalemia.
B)hyponatremia.
C)hypernatremia.
D)hypertension.

Question 25

The cause of hypertension for 90% to 95% of people is:

A)high intake of salt.
B)kidney disease.
C)sleep apnea.
D)unknown.

Question 26

Phosphorus in plants is primarily found in the form of:

A)phosphate.
B)phosphorate.
C)phytic acid.
D)phospholipid.

Question 27

Which of the following individuals is at risk for hyperkalemia?

A)a marathon runner consuming excessive amounts of water
B)a newborn
C)an individual who has a diet rich in processed foods
D)an individual with kidney disease

Question 28

Which of the following individuals is at risk for a phosphorus deficiency?

A)a premature infant
B)an individual suffering from kidney disease
C)an individual consuming vitamin D supplements
D)an individual who is a vegetarian

Question 29

The majority of our body's phosphorus is stored in the:

A)kidneys.
B)bones.
C)blood.
D)liver.

Question 30

The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:

A)animal protein sources.
B)alcohol.
C)table salt.
D)water.

Question 31

Which of the following foods would you expect to have the best absorption of phosphorous?

A)black beans
B)almonds
C)ground beef
D)bran cereal

Question 32

Hypokalemia is:

A)low levels of sodium in the blood.
B)high levels of calcium in the blood.
C)low levels of potassium in the blood.
D)high levels of chloride in the blood.

Question 33

Naresh has weighed himself before and after his basketball game. He found that he weighed 71 kg before the game and 70 kg after the game. How much fluid should he drink to replace his water loss?

A)1 litre
B)1)5 litres
C)2 litres
D)3 litres

Question 34

________ is a potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms.

A)Hypertension
B)A fever
C)Dehydration
D)Heatstroke

Question 35

Which of the following groups is the MOST vulnerable to dehydration?

A)young adults
B)adolescents and children
C)pregnant women
D)infants and the elderly

Question 36

You are interested in determining the chloride content of a food. You look at the nutrition label and notice that chloride is not listed; however, you do notice that the food contains 600 mg of salt. How much chloride does the food contain?

A)100 mg
B)240 mg
C)360 mg
D)600 mg

Question 37

Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by:

A)vitamin C.
B)potassium.
C)vitamin D.
D)iron.

Question 38

Mary weighs in at 59 kg prior to her training and 57 kg after training. What is her approximate percent body water loss?

A)1%
B)2%
C)3%
D)4%

Question 39

Which of the following is a diuretic, even if consumed on a fairly regular basis?

A)beer
B)milk
C)coffee
D)orange juice

Question 40

Your urine color should be ________ if properly hydrated.

A)dark yellow
B)foul smelling
C)clear to pale yellow
D)cloudy

Question 41

Janice is following the DASH diet. When you look at her sodium intakes you would expect them to be:

A)below the RDA.
B)equal to RDA.
C)above the RDA but below the UL.
D)above the UL but below the Canadian average.

Question 42

Johnny has had severe diarrhea for three days. What effect could this have on his health? Consider electrolyte and fluid balance in your response.

Question 43

A bioelectrical impedance (BIA)scales measures percent body fat by sending a very small electrical current through the body. Muscle contains a greater percentage of water than fat; therefore, the current will pass more quickly through muscle. The scale can then use a formula to calculate percent body fat based on the resistance to the current. Imagine the first day you use the scale to measure your percent body fat prior to your hot yoga class but the next day you use the scale after your hot yoga class. Would you expect the results to be consistent? Why or why not?

Question 44

Which of the following has been shown to improve blood pressure levels?

A)losing weight for those who are overweight or obese
B)decreasing physical activity
C)drinking 3 glasses of white wine per day
D)limiting whole grains in the diet

Question 45

Simon is a 45-year-old, healthy male. What should his total water intake for the day be?

A)2)0 L
B)2)7 L
C)3)0 L
D)3)7 L

Question 46

Most Canadians:

A)are deficient in phosphorous.
B)barely consume the RDA for phosphorous.
C)consume twice the RDA for phosphorous.
D)consume toxic amounts phosphorous.

Question 47

For those under the age of 30 years, which of the following is the most commonly consumed fluid after water?

A)milk
B)juice
C)pop
D)coffee

Question 48

Iliya has eaten a Cobb salad containing lettuce, tomatoes, processed cheese, bacon, processed chicken, pickled black olives, a hard-boiled egg, and a red wine vinaigrette for lunch. He ordered the salad because he would like to reduce his sodium intake and increase his potassium intake. Provide Iliya with some feedback on his choice.

Question 49

One of the effects of alcohol on the body is to suppress the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). In light of this, what impact could consuming excessive amounts of alcohol have on an individual's hydration status?

Question 50

You are attending a Canadian University and living in the student residences. Your roommate complains to you that the cost of bottled water is increasing, making it difficult to afford on a student's income. What could advice could you provide her with to help her reduce her costs?

Question 51

A patient has been admitted to the hospital with muscles spasm and convulsions. They are accompanied by their wife who explains that the patient has been taking vitamin D supplements and phosphorous-containing antacids because they suffer from severe heart burn. How would you diagnose the patient? Why did this occur?

Question 52

Fatima has recently had her blood pressure checked. The doctor tells her that her systolic blood pressure is 115 mm Hg and her diastolic blood pressure is 80 mm Hg. How would you classify her blood pressure levels?

A)too low
B)healthy
C)slightly elevated
D)very elevated

Question 53

A diet high in sodium:

A)causes an increase in blood pressure in everyone.
B)can increase blood pressure in those with salt sensitivity.
C)can increase blood pressure in those with salt resistance.
D)does not impact blood pressure at all.

Question 54

Nancy ran her first half-marathon in a very hot and humid environment. She explained to you that she did not carry any fluids because there were feed zones that provided water every 5 km. Half-way through the race Nancy got a very painful cramp in her calf muscle, even though she was drinking plenty of water. Explain to Nancy what likely occurred during her race.

Question 55

Which of the following athletes would be at the GREATEST risk for heat stroke?

A)a runner competing in a warm and dry environment
B)a light weight cyclist racing at altitude
C)a swimmer competing in a long-distance open water swim
D)a lacrosse player training in the heat with all of his equipment on

Question 56

Which of the following symptoms are common in an individual with hypertension?

A)water retention
B)chest pain
C)dizziness
D)no symptoms

Question 57

A doctor has recently put a patient on a diuretic mediation to treat their high blood pressure. What advice might you expect the doctor to give the patient regarding their intakes of potassium? Explain your response.

Question 58

You are facilitating a program designed to help people lower their blood pressure. As part of the program, you encourage everyone to follow the DASH diet. Which of the following foods would not be included in your dietary recommendations diet?

A)broccoli
B)bran buds
C)regular ground beef
D)skim milk

Question 59

What effect would you expect a sodium deficiency to have on the body's nerve impulses? Include an explanation of the role of sodium in nerve impulses in your response.

Question 60

Formulate a brief description of the state of sodium intakes in the Canadian population. What should be the goal of governmental policies that are implemented to improve sodium intakes?

Question 61

Liz has returned from her annual medical exam where her physician notes that her systolic blood pressure is 140 mm Hg and her diastolic blood pressure is 93 mm Hg. The doctor also notices that her total cholesterol is high and according to her body weight she would be classified as obese. A dietary analysis reveals that her daily average sodium intake is 3 400 mg/d and her potassium intakes are mg/d. How would diagnose Liz? Justify your diagnosis. Provide Liz with some diet and lifestyle changes that she can make to improve her situation. How would you impress upon Liz the importance of making these changes?

Question 62

Malik goes to the movies and consumes a piece of pizza, a diet cola, and a large tub of salted popcorn. Describe how Malik's body will adapt to this meal and regulate his fluid balance. What foods and fluids is he likely to consume to help his body restore fluid balance? Would you recommend that Malik consume this type of a diet on a regular basis? Why or why not?

Question 63

Explain why water is classified as an essential nutrient with an established DRI. Identify individuals who may have an increased need for water. Describe the environmental or health conditions that would increase an individual's water needs. What are some potential consequences if water needs are not met?