Deck 2: Preclassical and Classical Theories of Crime

Question 1

______ is the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number.

A)Communism
B)Fundamentalism
C)Utilitarianism
D)Capitalism

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Mens rea means ______.

A)guilty mind
B)guilty act
C)motive
D)free will

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Enlightenment thinkers believed that ______ was essential in the social contract.

A)socialism
B)democracy
C)autocracy
D)anarch

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The ______ church still condones the use of exorcisms.

A)Baptist
B)Latter Day saints
C)Jewish
D)Roman Catholic

Question 5

Theories of the Classical School of Thought are different than those of the Preclassical School of Thought in that the latter theories ______.

A)focused on rational thought
B)believed that people had free will
C)used the scientific method
D)focused on religious and supernatural causes of crime

Question 6

All of the following are reasons Beccaria cited against the use of capital punishment EXCEPT ______.

A)the brutalization effect
B)punishment should not precede the sentence
C)ineffective deterrent
D)violated the social contract

Question 7

The belief that human beings have ______ is essential to classical criminology.

A)irrational thoughts
B)biological traits
C)free will
D)social connections

Question 8

When a person's behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain, this is referred to as ______.

A)conflict theory
B)positivism
C)utilitarianism
D)functionalism

Question 9

What were Beccaria's beliefs concerning torture in the criminal justice system?

A)It was a necessary evil.
B)He advocated for the use.
C)It was a good way to obtain information.
D)It was worthless and barbarous.

Question 10

According to Beccaria, the purpose of punishment is ______.

A)pain
B)retribution
C)deterrence
D)rehabilitation

Question 11

Which of the following countries still allows the use of torture for eliciting information or confessions?

A)United States
B)Uruguay
C)Afghanistan
D)Mexico

Question 12

Revised guidelines for conducting exorcisms was issued bishops/clergy in ______ by the Roman Catholic Church.

A)1985
B)1999
C)2005
D)2009

Question 13

According to Beccaria, which of the three elements of punishment address the "privation of liberty"?

A)severe
B)certain
C)swiftness
D)reciprocity

Question 14

Beccaria stated that punishments that are ______ or ______ will not be an effective deterrent of crime.

A)inconsistent; too severe
B)public; torturous
C)too severe; not severe enough
D)inconsistent; public

Question 15

The Classical and Neoclassical Schools remained dominant for about ______ years after On Crime and Punishment was written.

A)100
B)150
C)200
D)250

Question 16

______ is when a punishment is designed to stop a particular offender.

A)Specific deterrence
B)Marginal deterrence
C)General deterrence
D)Absolute deterrence

Question 17

Thomas Hobbes wrote what famous book in 1651?

A)Leviathan
B)On Crimes and Punishments
C)The Origin of the Species
D)Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Question 18

Hobbes' theoretical framework was appealing at the time it was proposed, when the dominant model of governance in most of the Western world was ______.

A)the feudal system
B)democracy
C)socialism
D)theocracy

Question 19

What country did the book use to illustrate how U.S.citizens take for granted the right to a trial by a jury of peers?

A)Indonesia
B)Russia
C)China
D)Germany

Question 20

______ is known as the father of criminal justice.

A)John Locke
B)Thomas Hobbes
C)Cesare Beccaria
D)Jeremy Bentham

Question 21

Who proposed the idea that individuals weigh and consider pleasure versus pain?

A)Darwin
B)Beccarria
C)Bentham
D)Hobbes

Question 22

Thomas Hobbes argued that people were fundamentally irrational and were unwilling to give up personal freedoms for the common good.

Question 23

______ is the least likely characteristic of punishment to be enhanced in modern criminal justice policy.

A)Severity
B)Swiftness
C)Certainty
D)Reciprocity

Question 24

According to Beccaria, the true measure of crime is the ______.

A)harm done to society
B)personal harm incurred by the actor
C)harm done to the individual
D)level of violence that occurred

Question 25

The text provides a case study of Deborah Jeane Palfrey (the DC Madam) to illustrate the effects of legal sanctions.How did this case end?

A)She was sentenced to 15 years in prison and 5 years of probation.
B)She was sentenced to 55 years in prison.
C)She fled the country to avoid sentencing.
D)She committed suicide prior to sentencing.

Question 26

The social contract is the ideal of the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number of people.

Question 27

The hedonistic calculus notes that individuals seek to maximize ______ and minimize ______.

A)pleasure/pain
B)pain/pleasure
C)happiness/boredom
D)utility/versatility

Question 28

Jury trials are most closely associated with the ideas of ______.

A)Thomas Hobbes
B)Cesare Beccaria
C)Jeremy Bentham
D)John Locke

Question 29

The book uses the ______ as a good example of the social contract breaking down.

A)beating of Rodney King
B)trial of O.J.Simpson
C)case of Bonnie and Clyde
D)case of the DC Madam

Question 30

One of the important stages of any justice system, according to Beccaria, is ______ about decisions that are made regarding punishment.

A)withholding information
B)informing other government agencies
C)lying to the public
D)educating the public

Question 31

Following the execution of serial killer, homicide rates spiked in the U.S.This is referred to as ______.

A)the corporal effect
B)utilitarianism
C)the deterrent effect
D)the brutalization effect

Question 32

Beccaria was more concerned with the ______, or the guilty act.

A)mens rea
B)actus reus
C)e pluribus unum
D)a priori

Question 33

Enlightenment thinkers talked about individuals having the right to pursue life, liberty and ______.

A)freedom
B)happiness
C)money
D)owning property

Question 34

Actus reus means guilty mind.

Question 35

______ refers to the notion that one will receive a particular punishment, and it is the most important element of punishment, according to Beccaria.

A)Certainty
B)Swiftness
C)Severity
D)Swiftness

Question 36

Beccaraia wrote On Crimes and Punishment.

Question 37

The one belief that Enlightenment philosophers all had in common was ______.

A)a paradigm shift for social structure
B)that people are rational beings
C)the social contract
D)that no rights should be afforded to citizens

Question 38

The purpose of general deterrence is to stop an individual from committing further crimes.

Question 39

______ stated that all individuals are in a constant state of warfare with all other individuals.

A)Voltaire
B)Locke
C)Hobbes
D)Rousseau

Question 40

Beccaria was against ______ but felt that there was room for ______ in a justice system.

A)corporal punishment; capital punishment
B)capital punishment; corporal punishment
C)jury trials; bench trials
D)jury trials; trials by ordeal

Question 41

Specific deterrence is when a punishment is designed to stop other offenders from committing crimes.

Question 42

Describe Bentham's contribution to classical theory.

Question 43

Classical theory is known for its great impact on creating rehabilitative programs for criminals.

Question 44

Explain how pre-classical theories influenced the development of classical theories.

Question 45

John Locke is known as the father of criminal justice.

Question 46

The Industrial Revolution had the greatest impact on the classical school.

Question 47

Classical criminologists felt that the justice system should be secretive and behind closed doors.

Question 48

Identify and discuss Beccaria's three essentials of punishment.

Question 49

Virtually all primitive theories accurately predicted who would offend.

Question 50

Beccaria was strongly opposed to the use of torture.

Question 51

In the pre-classical era, executions were public spectacles.

Question 52

The death penalty is used as a general deterrent for committing crime.

Question 53

Explain why the neoclassical school developed, and why it soon fell out of favor.

Question 54

The American criminal justice system is highly influenced by the classical school.

Question 55

Bentham created a prison concept that was adopted in Europe and the U.S.

Question 56

Neo-classical theories are modernized versions of earlier classical theories.

Question 57

The social contract states that individuals follow rules in return for protection from rule violators.

Question 58

Beccaria is considered to be the father of deterrence theory.

Question 59

What are some of the contributions of the classical school on the American criminal justice system?

Question 60

Classical theories emphasize choice as the cause of criminal behavior.