Deck 12: Integrated Theoretical Models and New Perspectives of Crime

Question 1

Braithwaite's integrated theory merges several major theories of crime, including strain theory, social disorganization, social control theory, and ______.

A)feminist theory
B)stress theory
C)differential association theory
D)Marxist theory

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Integrating experts from various disciplines to develop theories regarding criminality is referred to as ______.

A)theoretical integration
B)systemic reductionism
C)theoretical development
D)sociological dominance

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Elliott's integrated theory focuses on explaining ______.

A)delinquent stress
B)delinquent bonding
C)behavior
D)family

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Braithwaite argued for a policy that would include ______.

A)greater use of the death penalty
B)greater use of restorative justice
C)drug courts
D)longer probation sentences

Question 5

Weak social bond $\rightarrow$ Negative per associations $\rightarrow$ Crime.This model is referred to as the ______ model.

A)end-to-end
B)side-by-side
C)up-and-down
D)parallel

Question 6

If the key parts of differential association theory can be accommodated by differential reinforcement theory, this is referred to as ______.

A)side-by-side integration
B)theoretical reduction
C)end-to-end integration
D)theoretical synthesis

Question 7

Issues in the area of theoretical integration were revisited about ______ ago at a conference attended by leading scholars in criminological theory development.

A)30 years
B)25 years
C)50 years
D)40 years

Question 8

What survey did Elliott and his colleagues use to test their theories?

A)National Crime Victimization Survey
B)Family Stress Survey
C)Social Bonding Survey
D)National Youth Survey

Question 9

______ theories advocate the use of gang prevention programs.

A)Biosocial
B)Social disorganization
C)Social process
D)Critical

Question 10

Integrating theories such that one theory explains the impulsiveness of offending and the other the planning of offending is referred to as ______.

A)theoretical elaboration
B)end to end integration
C)up and down integration
D)theoritical synthesis

Question 11

______ theories would argue for deinstitutionalization.

A)Biosocial
B)Social disorganization
C)Social process
D)Critical

Question 12

The basis of Thornberry's theory was a combination of ______.

A)labeling and conflict models
B)social learning and conflict models
C)social control and labeling models
D)social control and social learning models

Question 13

Braithwaite's theory was presented in 1989 in his book ______.

A)Shame and Reintegration
B)The Reintegration of Male Offenders
C)Shaming and Crime
D)Crime, Shame, and Reintegration

Question 14

Most modern criminologists and theorists do not consider ______ theory to be one of the more robust models for understanding or reducing illegal activity.

A)low self-control
B)labeling
C)shaming
D)rational choice

Question 15

Thornberry incorporated empirical evidence from ______ when developing his interactional theory.

A)Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory
B)Elliott's integrated model
C)Hagan's power-control theory
D)Tittle's control-balance theory

Question 16

Historically, criminological theories have been dominant in the discipline of ______.

A)sociology
B)psychology
C)biology
D)anthropology

Question 17

A theory that can effectively explain why crime occurs in certain individuals as well as in certain groups is ______.

A)interdependency theory
B)Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory
C)Elliot's integrated model
D)Hagan's power control theory

Question 18

For typical individuals, the illustration of ______ integration is [High Self-Control $\rightarrow$ Considerations of Potential Negative Consequences $\rightarrow$ Deterred from Committing Crime].

A)end-to-end
B)side-by-side
C)up-and-down
D)parallel

Question 19

Braithwaite's inspiration for his theory of reintegrative shaming came from his comparison of socialization practices and the justice systems of ______ and Western culture.

A)Indian culture
B)Japanese culture
C)Middle Eastern culture
D)Canadian culture

Question 20

Per the case study about Thornberry's interactional model, what happened to Johnny?

A)His relationship with his mother improved.
B)He went back to school.
C)He began committing more serious crimes.
D)He began committing fewer crimes.

Question 21

Criminological theories have been dominated by the discipline of psychology.

Question 22

Braithwaite believes most crime is committed by ______.

A)young individuals
B)older individuals
C)wealthy people
D)middle-class people

Question 23

In his reintegrative shaming theory, Braithwaite refers to the micro-level theory as ______ and the macro-level theory as ______.

A)communitarianism; intradependency
B)interdependency; intradependency
C)communitarianism; interdependency
D)interdependecncy; communitarianism

Question 24

Power-control theory was introduced by ______.

A)Tittle
B)Braithwaite
C)Elliott
D)Hagan

Question 25

It appears that focusing on ______ may be one way of effectively targeting resources and strategies for reducing crime.

A)high-risk youths
B)high-risk adults
C)medium-risk youths
D)medium-risk adults

Question 26

Nick's dad goes to work every morning, while his mom stays home and takes care of him and his younger sister.Nick's dad makes all of the decisions because he is the breadwinner of the family.Which theory explains the unbalanced levels of control in this family?

A)interdependency theory
B)developmental theories
C)power-Control theory
D)interactional theory

Question 27

Judges using shaming techniques are applying elements of ______, as well as deterrence.

A)Tittle's control-balance theory
B)Hirschi's low self-control theory
C)Merton's strain theory
D)Braithwaite's theory of reintegrative shaming

Question 28

Integrating two theories such that one is used to explain impulsivity and the other planning is referred to as up-and-down integration.

Question 29

The contemporary forms of theoretical integration seems to bring more ______ than it does ______.

A)criticisms; advantages
B)advantages; criticisms
C)validity; reliability
D)reliability; validity

Question 30

One main weakness of Pearson and Weiner's theoretical framework is that it is based on a single theory.Which theory is its basis?

A)low self-control theory
B)strain theory
C)social learning theory
D)differential association theory

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of restorative justice?

A)drug court program
B)probation
C)jail time
D)house arrest

Question 32

Improving a weak/underdeveloped theory by adding propositions from other theories is theory elaboration.

Question 33

Which integrated theory allows for different types of individuals to become criminal?

A)Tittle's control-balance theory
B)Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory
C)Elliot's integrated model
D)Hagan's power control theory

Question 34

______ combinations occur when theories with different levels of analysis are integrated.

A)Bonding
B)Synthesized
C)Mixed-level
D)Cross-level

Question 35

Using parts of other theories to strengthen a weak theory is referred to as ______.

A)theoretical elaboration
B)theorietical synthesis
C)theoretical bonding
D)theoretical structuring

Question 36

Which theoretical integration theorist sees his theory as being more theory elaboration than theory intergration?

A)Braithwaite
B)Thornberry
C)Tittle
D)Elliott

Question 37

End-to-end theoretical integration occurs when theorists have an idea about the sequential order of the theories that are used.

Question 38

Integrated theories attempt to put together two or more separate models of offending to form one explanatory theory.

Question 39

In his comparison of Japanese culture, Braithwaite found that ______ is their most common punishment for crime.

A)beheading
B)community service
C)ostracizing
D)public apology

Question 40

The need to improve the ______ of traditional theories is the impetus of theoretical integration.

A)empirical validity
B)reliability
C)support
D)causality

Question 41

Up-and-down integration is a deductive model of integration.

Question 42

In your opinion, how effective are deterrence theory policies?

Question 43

Identify the three most common forms of propositional theoretical integration and briefly describe each.

Question 44

Theoretical synthesis is a form of end-to-end integration.

Question 45

A person carrying a sign with "I shoplifted from this store" on it is an example of a shaming strategy.

Question 46

Braithwaite's theory does not consider emotions such as guilt and embarrassment.

Question 47

Elliott's integrated model is one of the most accepted models of theoretical synthesis.

Question 48

Theories proposed in 19th century focused only on lifestyle to understand criminal behavior.

Question 49

Pearson and Weiner proposed the idea of conceptual integration.

Question 50

Integrated models only include same-level theories (i.e., macro-macro or micro-micro).

Question 51

Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory is considered a macro-level theory.

Question 52

Thornberry's interactional theory was presented in the late 1950s.

Question 53

Tittle's theory asserts that a person is most likely to offend when he/she has a balance of control and being controlled.

Question 54

Identify two integrated theoretical explanations and compare and contrast the policies that each advocates.

Question 55

Most empirical studies are in favor of Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory.

Question 56

Tittle did much of his theory testing via the National Youth Survey.

Question 57

Braithewaite's theory of reintegrative shaming combines elements of several major theories of crime.Identify two of these major theories and briefly explain how each contributes to his intergrated theory.

Question 58

Reintergrative shaming was a program that focused on poverty.

Question 59

How can inner city programs decrease strain?

Question 60

The integrated framework does not acknowledge biological factors.