Deck 8: Social Process and Learning Theories of Crime

Question 1

As a child, Sally did not develop strong attachments with others.Billy did develop strong attachments to others when he was a child.Both Billy and Sally are involved in school sports and clubs.Who is least likely to behave inappropriately?

A)Sally
B)Billy
C)neither one is less likely than the other

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Per the case study of Jesse Pomeroy, Jesse learned criminal behavior from experiencing his father's physical abuse and later became violent himself.This illustrates ______.

A)differential association theory
B)attachment
C)Sheldon's body type theory
D)automatic spontaneity

Answer 2

A

Question 3

______ introduced differential association theory in the late 1930s.

A)Lombroso
B)Pavlov
C)Sutherland
D)Glaser

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Freud, which of the following would be an example of a person following their id?

A)A person is thirsty but ignores this feeling.
B)A person is thirsty and decides to wait in line to buy a drink because it will only take a few minutes.
C)A person is thirsty and instead of waiting in line to buy a drink they take someone else's drink.
D)A person is thirsty but decides to run errands before going to get something to drink.

Question 5

______ assumes that animals and people learn through association between stimuli and responses.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Differential association theory
C)Operant conditioning
D)Differential identification theory

Question 6

Which of the following is one of the major principles of differential association?

A)A person becomes a criminal when he finds the consequences of breaking the law to be less favorable than upholding the law.
B)Criminal behavior is innate.
C)Differential association may vary in frugality, durability and intelligence.
D)Learning criminal behavior involves assimilating techniques.

Question 7

The ______ element of a social bond refers to a shared value and moral system.

A)attachment
B)involvement
C)belief
D)commitment

Question 8

______ theory emphasizes personal or socialization factors that prevent individuals from engaging in selfish, antisocial behaviors.

A)Control
B)Learning
C)Differential association
D)Techniques ofneutralization

Question 9

The only conscious domain of the psyche is the ______.

A)ego
B)superego
C)libido
D)id

Question 10

According to low-self control theory, self-control must be established by the age of ______.

A)12
B)5
C)3
D)10

Question 11

______ conducted research at the same university as Sutherland.

A)Bandura
B)Glaser
C)Skinner
D)Pavlov

Question 12

When offenders see themselves as avengers and the victims as the wrongdoers, this is termed ______.

A)denial of victim
B)denial of injury
C)condemnation of the condemners
D)denial of responsibility

Question 13

'They can afford it!' is an example of ______ according to Sykes and Matza's neutralization theory.

A)denial of responsibility
B)denial of the victim
C)appeal to higher loyalties
D)stake in conformity

Question 14

Which of the following was not developed by Freud?

A)tabula rasa
B)id
C)superego
D)ego

Question 15

______ demonstrated through his experiments that a significant amount of learning takes place without any form of conditioning.

A)Sutherland
B)Sykes and Matza
C)Bandura
D)Burgess

Question 16

The case study of Jesse Pomeroy stated that Jesse lacked a bond to conventional society, thus making him more prone to committing criminal acts.This is best explained by ______.

A)Pavlov's classical conditioning
B)Freud's concepts of the id, ego and superego
C)Hirschi's theory of social bonding
D)Skinner's operant conditioning

Question 17

______ is concerned with how behavior is influenced by reinforcements and punishments.

A)Differential identification theory
B)Differential association theory
C)Classical conditioning
D)Operant conditioning

Question 18

______ control theory discusses direct and indirect controls.

A)Toby's
B)Reckless's
C)Nye's
D)Reiss's

Question 19

______ is not considered a learning theory.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Differential association theory
C)Differential identification theory
D)Containment theory

Question 20

Travis Hirschi argued that the element of the social bond that is most important is ______.

A)belief
B)commitment
C)attachment
D)involvement

Question 21

______ theory expounded on principle's of Freud.

A)Toby's
B)Reckless'
C)Nye's
D)Reiss'

Question 22

Examples of positive reinforcement for good behavior include ______.

A)a mother praising her child for getting a good grade in school
B)a mother spanking her child
C)a mother scolding her child for hitting the dog
D)a child doing the dishes in order to stop his mother's nagging

Question 23

______ refers to moving in and out of criminally delinquent behavior.

A)Sway
B)Wave
C)Drift
D)Roll

Question 24

Which of the following is TRUE of Hirschi's social bond element of belief?

A)People who feel like a course of action is against their moral beliefs are more likely to pursue it.
B)People have similar beliefs about most forms of criminal activity.
C)It is one of the least examined aspects of the social bond.
D)It is one of the most consistently supported aspects of the social bond.

Question 25

By denying that anyone was hurt, criminals are able to neutralize illegal behavior.This is called ______.

A)denial of responsibility
B)denial of injury
C)denial of victim
D)condemnation of the condemners
E)appeal to higher loyalties

Question 26

______ theory involved inner and outer containments.

A)Toby's
B)Reckless's
C)Nye's
D)Reiss's

Question 27

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, bad genes is the main cause of low-self control.

Question 28

______ theory involves stakes in conformity.

A)Toby's
B)Reckless'
C)Nye's
D)Reiss'

Question 29

Skinner believed humans were affected by negative reinforcements.

Question 30

Of the three domains of the psyche, the ego is the one that would attempt to negotiate the decision to attend a party or to study for an exam.

Question 31

______ is when behavior is weakened or discouraged through adverse stimuli.

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Negative punishment
D)Positive punishment

Question 32

______ developed operant conditioning at the same time that Edwin Sutherland was developing his theory of differential association.

A)Sykesand Matza
B)Merton
C)Pavlov
D)Skinner

Question 33

According to Hirschi, social bonds decreases one's chances of criminal behavior.

Question 34

______ was famous for his principles of the id, ego and superego.

A)Freud
B)Pavlov
C)Skinner
D)Bandura

Question 35

Learning theories argue that criminal behavior is a result of bad neighborhoods.

Question 36

______ was famous for his theory of operant conditioning.

A)Freud
B)Pavlov
C)Skinner
D)Bandura

Question 37

Which of the following best illustrates the use the 'denial of responsibility' technique of neutralization?

A)a teenager denying that anyone got hurt by their behavior
B)a teenager blaming his/her peers for their own behavior
C)an offender's belief that the victim deserved what they got
D)an offender's belief that their actions are justified because it is serving a higher power

Question 38

Which of the following is TRUE of power-control theory?

A)Power-control theory is not a social control theory.
B)Unbalanced households are less likely to suppress criminal activity in daughters.
C)Balanced households are less likely to experience gender differences in the criminal offending of the children.
D)In balanced households, mothers will be more likely to exert control on their daughters.

Question 39

______ bonds caused a person to commit crimes according to Hirschi.

A)Strong
B)Social
C)Primitive
D)Weak

Question 40

______ is known for his bo-bo doll study.

A)Freud
B)Bandura
C)Skinner
D)Pavlov

Question 41

Compare and contrast Sutherland's and Burgess and Akers learning theory.

Question 42

Social control theories are the same as social learning theories.

Question 43

What are some examples of classical conditioning?

Question 44

Differential association theory is considered to fall within biological theory.

Question 45

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is intelligence.

Question 46

Studies show that females are significantly more likely than males to experience internal emotional sanctioning for offenses they have committed.

Question 47

There is allowance for free will and rational decision making in Sutherland's differential association theory.

Question 48

Sutherland noted that a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.

Question 49

Usea criminological theory to describe the influence of video games on juvenile delinquency.

Question 50

Pavlov is well known for classical conditioning.

Question 51

Individuals are passive actors in the process that takes place when they receive stimuli and respond.

Question 52

Sutherland wrote the first criminology textbook.

Question 53

Differential association theory states that learning criminal behavior is the same as learning non-criminal behavior.

Question 54

Bandura argues that the media had little effect on criminal behavior.

Question 55

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, what impact do parents have on the development of self-control?

Question 56

Glaser believed that movie stars could influence criminal behavior.

Question 57

What criticisms have been made regarding Sutherland's differential association theory?

Question 58

Control theorists believe that crime is a result of strain.

Question 59

Social process theories assume that criminal behavior is inherent and born in individuals.

Question 60

Sutherland believed people could imitate others and learn how to commit crime.