Deck 11: Life-Course Perspectives of Criminality

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of low self-control?

A)self-centeredness
B)short temper
C)risk taking
D)long-term orientation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Sampson and Laub stated that having delinquent peers or siblings may ______ an individual's likelihood for delinquency.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)not change
D)inhibit

Answer 2

A

Question 3

There are many aspects of developmental theory, but the most researched aspect is ______.

A)omega
B)lambda
C)alpha
D)chi

Answer 3

B

Question 4

______ create/s self-control.

A)Intelligence
B)Effective child rearing
C)Organized neighborhoods
D)Healthy diets

Question 5

Recent research on the effect of life-altering transitions on criminality reveal that ______ significantly reduce recidivism.

A)marriage and friendships
B)employment and religion
C)full-time employment and friendships
D)marriage and full-time employment

Question 6

Sampson and Laub used data originally collected by ______.

A)Lombroso
B)Sutherland
C)Goffman
D)the Gluecks

Question 7

According to Moffitt's theory, which type of offender continues to offend into adulthood?

A)life-course persistent
B)adolescence-limited
C)transitional
D)persistent

Question 8

______ assume/s that all children are born selfish.

A)Moffitt
B)Sampson and Laub
C)Gottfredson and Hirschi
D)Merton and Durkheim

Question 9

Developmental theories generally do not focus on ______.

A)frequency
B)duration
C)gender
D)age at onset

Question 10

Weisburd asserted that all of the following are positive prevention strategies EXCEPT ______.

A)school-based programs
B)individual programs
C)prison programs
D)family programs

Question 11

Moffitt asserts that this type of offender will discontinue offending after their teenage years?

A)life-course persistent
B)adolescence-limited
C)transitional
D)persistent

Question 12

Gottfredon and Hirschi's low self-control theory is also referred to as ______.

A)the general theory of crime
B)developmental theory of crime
C)self-concept theory
D)general strain theory

Question 13

Which is NOT one of the variables in Sampson and Laub's developmental model?

A)life changes
B)early antisocial tendencies
C)family history of criminality
D)socioeconomic status

Question 14

______ refers to how often an individual offends.

A)Duration
B)Frequency
C)Intensity
D)Desistence

Question 15

Sampson and Laub's developmental model, unlike Gottfredson and Hirschhi's low self-control theory, considers the ______ in people's lives.

A)material gain
B)criminality
C)social networks
D)extreme transitions that occur

Question 16

There is no consensus among researchers regarding the age for which contact with police would be considered early onset, but the age range of ______ years is inclusive of all speculations on this age.

A)7-12
B)10-15
C)12-16
D)14-18

Question 17

Life course perspectives were originally developed in the ______.

A)1950s
B)1930s
C)1970s
D)1870s

Question 18

Why was Henry Earl released from prison so many times?

A)His offenses were nonviolent, nondrug, and multiple thefts.
B)His offenses only had to do with drinking.
C)Most of his offenses were only slightly violent.
D)His offenses were nonviolent, nondrug, and non-theft.

Question 19

Developmental theories focus on ______ criminal behavior.

A)group
B)peer group
C)individual
D)societal

Question 20

When a person's life path changes from deviant behavior back to law-abiding status, the critical events that cause this change are called ______.

A)points of reversal
B)conforming events
C)positive events
D)points of desistance

Question 21

There is little consensus about the age at which early onset of criminal behavior occurs.

Question 22

When a person has both neurological problems and a disadvantaged environment, he/she will likely develop a ______.

A)drift trajectory
B)low self-control trajectory
C)adolescence-limited trajectory
D)life-course-persistent trajectory

Question 23

Developmental theories focus on the development of offending over time.

Question 24

Developmental theories examine group-level reasons for crime rather than individual reasons.

Question 25

______ framework shows that different types of offenders commit crime due to entirely different causes and factors.

A)Sampson and Laub's
B)Moffitt's
C)Gottfredson and Hirschi's
D)The Glueck's

Question 26

______ is one of the few developed nations that does not guarantee maternal and infant medical care and supervision.

A)The United States
B)Great Britain
C)Germany
D)Australia

Question 27

Life-course-persistent offenders are estimated to be ______ of offenders.

A)2-5%
B)4-8%
C)5-9%
D)7-10%

Question 28

Traditional theoretical frameworks differ from developmental theories in that they focus on more than one point in time.

Question 29

Developmental theories are explanatory models of criminal behavior that ______.

A)study only the end of an individual's life
B)take a snap shot of an individual's life at one point in time
C)follow individuals throughout their life courses
D)study only the beginning of an individual's life

Question 30

A key factor of this developmental model states that if an individual associates with those who are delinquent, they are also likely to result to delinquency.

A)Sampson and Laub's Developmental Model
B)Lombroso's Stigmata Theory
C)Hirschi and Gottfredson's Low Self-Control Theory
D)Moffit's Developmental Taxonomy

Question 31

How old was the teen burglar (case study) when he began burglarizing homes?

A)11
B)12
C)13
D)14

Question 32

When offending rates are consistent, the rates are said to be persistent.

Question 33

What are the two types of offenders identified in Moffitt's developmental theory?

A)life course-persistent and adolescence-limited
B)adolescence-limited and serious
C)adolescence-persistent and life course-limited
D)adolescence-limited and adult-persistent

Question 34

Life course theorists would support a policy that ______.

A)organized neighborhood clean-ups
B)sent all children to pre-school
C)organized gang task forces
D)promoted better diets for children

Question 35

According to the case study about Henry Earl, how much time has Earl spent in jail?

A)10 years
B)15 months
C)15 years
D)25 years

Question 36

______ and ______ proposed a general theory of low self-control as the primary cause of all crime and deviance.

A)Hirschi; Gottfredson
B)Gottfredson; Sampson
C)Sampson; Laub
D)Hirschi; Laub

Question 37

All of the following are considered examples of transitions EXCEPT ______.

A)marriage
B)changing grades in school
C)employment
D)military service

Question 38

Adolescence-limited offenders tend to engage in criminal activity during their ______.

A)childhood years
B)teenage years
C)twenties
D)forties

Question 39

According to the text, Sampson and Laub's model is a more specified form of ______ theory of drift.

A)Matza's
B)Marx's
C)Sutherland's
D)Lombroso's

Question 40

In her developmental taxonomy, Moffitt refers to trajectories.What is she referring to specifically?

A)long-term orientation
B)antisocial tendencies
C)paths to crime or back to conformity
D)community-based programs

Question 41

How is Gottfredson and Hirschi's low self-control theory significant to life course criminality?

Question 42

Early onset is noted to be the least important predictor of an individual's probability of criminal offending.

Question 43

Identify how Sampson and Laub's theory and Moffitt's theory are similar and how they are different.

Question 44

The best way to lower the risk of criminal offending is to focus on the earliest intervention stages.

Question 45

The criminal behavior of the Teen Burglar can be explained by many theories discussed in this chapter.Briefly explain how three of these theories can be applied.

Question 46

Compare and contrast developmental and anti-developmental theories of crime.

Question 47

Individuals can experience life events that cause them to offend less frequently, and sometimes completely quit offending all together.

Question 48

Gottfredson and Hirschi would argue that low self-control causes criminal behavior.

Question 49

Life-course-persistent offenders are offenders who most often commit minor offenses.

Question 50

Developmental theories assume that people can change over time.

Question 51

Moffitt noted that most juvenile criminal activity is "normal" and typical of teenagers.

Question 52

If policymakers referred to the research done by developmental theorists, they would push for early intervention programs.

Question 53

Moffitt's developmental theory was proposed in the early 1980s.

Question 54

Adolescence-limited offenders continue to offend into adulthood.

Question 55

Compare and contrast the two types of offenders in Moffitt's developmental theory.

Question 56

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, children develop self-control by the age of 10.

Question 57

Samspon and Laub did not consider delinquent peers as a factor in criminality.

Question 58

Assigning special caseworkers to high-risk infants can lower the infants' likelihood of future criminality.

Question 59

Intensity refers to the degree of seriousness of an offense.

Question 60

According to the author, the most important policy implications concern the prenatal and perinatal stages of life.