Deck 4: Early Postitive School Perspectives of Criminality

Question 1

______ would NOT be considered a minor physical abnormality.

A)Low-set ears
B)Webbing between toes or fingers
C)Chipped tooth
D)Furrowed tongue

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The ______ attributed all kinds of behavior, especially crime, on biological, psychological and sociological variables.

A)classical school
B)differential school
C)negativistic school
D)positive school

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Lombroso stated individuals that had more than ______ stigmata were born criminals.

A)3
B)5
C)7
D)10

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Who created what is widely considered the first attempt toward scientific theory in criminological thought?

A)Darwin
B)Beccaria
C)Binet
D)Lombroso

Question 5

The Criminal Man was written by ______.

A)Lombroso
B)Hobbes
C)Darwin
D)Rousseau

Question 6

Darwin's theory was published ______ years before Lombroso's major work.

A)30
B)100
C)5
D)15

Question 7

______ was the belief that the size of the brain or skull represented the superiority or inferiority of certain individuals or ethnic/racial groups.

A)Craniometry
B)Phrenology
C)Physiognomy
D)Eugenics

Question 8

______ is the assumption that most human behavior is determined by factors beyond free will and free choice.

A)Determinism
B)Phrenologism
C)Socialism
D)Darwinism

Question 9

______ are physical manifestations of the atavism of an individual, features that indicate a prior evolutionary stage of development.

A)Craniometry
B)Stigmata
C)Phrenology
D)Physiognomy

Question 10

The most serious and violent offenders, according to Lombroso, were the ______.

A)born criminals
B)criminaloids
C)atavists
D)missing links

Question 11

Carlton Gary was known as the ______.

A)Stocking Strangler
B)Sock Strangler
C)Stalking Strangler
D)Columbus Choker

Question 12

Criminologists began to question Lombroso's theories of stigmata and atavism ______ decade(s) after they were published.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 13

Which of the following is considered Lombroso's first attempt toward scientific theory in criminological thought?

A)physiognomy
B)craniometry
C)phrenology
D)atavism

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of phrenology?

A)measuring the size of the skull to measure intelligence
B)examining bumps or cavities on the skull to develop a criminal profile
C)measuring the volume of the skull
D)studying facial and other bodily aspects to indicate developmental problems

Question 15

When a person or feature of an individual is a throwback to an early stage of the evolutionary development that individual is said to be ______.

A)naturalistic
B)primitive
C)atavistic
D)autistic

Question 16

The Origin of the Species was written by ______.

A)Rousseau
B)Hobbes
C)Darwin
D)Lombroso

Question 17

Binet created ______ to identify youth who were not performing up to par on educational skills.

A)a youth typology
B)IQ scores
C)phrenology scores
D)eugenic scores

Question 18

Which book (and later movie) was based on Lombrosian traits of the villain?

A)Sherlock Holmes
B)Dracula
C)Frankenstein
D)The Return of Chucky

Question 19

______ refers to the study of and the policies related to the improvement of the human race via control over reproduction.

A)Craniometry
B)Phrenology
C)Physiognomy
D)Eugenics

Question 20

______ is the study of the facial and other bodily aspects to indicate developmental problems, such as criminality.

A)Cranieometry
B)Phrenology
C)Physiognomy
D)Eugenics

Question 21

Herrnstein and Murray argued that people with low IQ scores are somewhat destined to do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)be unsuccessful in school
B)commit crime
C)produce illegitimate children
D)be employed

Question 22

Low IQ was labeled as ______ by Goddard.

A)feeblemindedness
B)retardation
C)physiognomy
D)madness

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT true of someone who is endomorphic?

A)has a focus on their endoderms in embryonic development
B)will inevitably become obese
C)tends to be more jolly or lazy
D)tends to be introverted or shy

Question 24

Lombroso claimed that born criminals could be identified by physical features.

Question 25

Women were mainly targeted by sterilization practices.

Question 26

The technical term for individuals that are more jolly or lazy is ______.

A)viscerotonic
B)somotonic
C)cerebrotonic
D)ectoderm

Question 27

Sheldon's body-type theory is known as ______.

A)atavistic theory
B)somatotyping
C)somatotyping
D)evolution Theory

Question 28

Mesomorphic people are more likely to have which of these traits?

A)athletic or muscular build
B)thin build
C)viscerotonic personality
D)cerebrotonic personality

Question 29

The IQ test was invented in ______.

A)United States
B)France
C)Great Britain
D)Mexico

Question 30

People who are somotonic typically are not ______.

A)mesomorphic
B)aggressive
C)risk-taking
D)endomorphic

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT contained in the endoderm?

A)stomach
B)large intestine
C)small intestine
D)muscles

Question 32

Goddard's policy recommendations for the feebleminded included all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)deportation
B)incarceration
C)higher taxes
D)sterilization

Question 33

In ______ (1927), the U.S.Supreme Court upheld the use of sterilization for the limiting reproduction for feebleminded individuals according to an IQ score.

A)Roe v.Wade
B)Brown v.Board of Education
C)Buck v.Bell
D)Johnson v.United States

Question 34

The middle layer of tissue that includes the muscles, bones, ligaments and tendons is called ______.

A)mesoderm
B)emdoderm
C)ectoderm
D)eptaderm

Question 35

H.H Goddard classified low IQ individuals as idiots, imbeciles, and abnormal.

Question 36

Mesomorphs are more delinquent and criminal than individuals who had other body types or temperaments.

Question 37

Gray Davis apologized for a law passed almost a century earlier that had resulted in the sterilization of about ______ women in California.

A)15,000
B)19,000
C)30,000
D)39,000

Question 38

Hirschi and Hindelang found that the IQ of delinquents or criminals is about ______ points lower than that of noncriminals.

A)5
B)10
C)20
D)25

Question 39

Alfred Binet was the creator of the IQ scores.

Question 40

According to Sheldon, the varying degrees of emphasis of certain tissue layers led to the development of all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A)certain body types
B)temperaments
C)personalities
D)sexuality

Question 41

Much of phrenology was aimed to support the assumptions of eugenics.

Question 42

The IQ test was developed in the United States.

Question 43

The technical term for individuals that are more jolly or lazy is somotonic.

Question 44

Explain Lombroso's theory of crime and why Dracula is considered to have Lombrosian traits.

Question 45

Lombroso is the father of Positivism.

Question 46

Goddard lowerd the criterion for determining feeblemindedness after testing namely school children.

Question 47

Goddard conducted research on Ellis Island.

Question 48

Craniometrists did not know the ethnic or racial group of the individuals they were studying, resulting in ethnical and proper methodology.

Question 49

The IQ was calculated as chronological age divided by mental age, which was then multiplied by 100, with average scores being 100.

Question 50

What do modern sociologists believe is the reason for the association between mesomorphy and criminality?

Question 51

Explain Sheldon's body-type theory.

Question 52

Lombroso's list of stigmata never changed after established.

Question 53

Modern science believes there is no significant correlation between the size of the skull and the brain.

Question 54

According to Goddard, the greatest threat to the progress of humanity is the idiots.

Question 55

Lombroso believed serious criminals were lower forms of humanity.

Question 56

Having abnormally small or large jaws was considered stigmata.

Question 57

Sheldon's body types are known as somatotypes.

Question 58

Explain how the Positive School differs from the Classical School on its explanation of criminality.

Question 59

Eugenics was embraced by the Nazi movement.

Question 60

How did Eugenics shape 20th-century crime policy?