Deck 6: Early Social Structure and Strain Theories of Crime

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that Cristian Alfredo Urquijo robbed banks?

A)He did not have a job.
B)He felt like it.
C)He committed robberies to survive.
D)He had to work.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The Industrial Revolution led to the quick transition of societies from being less based on ______ to being more based on______.

A)agricultural; industrial
B)active; passive
C)limited; total
D)primitive; modern

Answer 2

A

Question 3

How many adaptations did Merton develop as part of his strain theory?

A)3
B)5
C)2
D)6

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to ______, those who respond to stressful situations in a positive way will be less likely to commit crime than those who respond in negative ways.

A)strain theory
B)general strain theory
C)reaction-formation theory
D)differential opportunity theory

Question 5

______ is credited for coining the term sociology.

A)Durkheim
B)Guerry
C)Comte
D)Quetelet

Question 6

Aspects of social life that pattern the development of societal institutions are referred to as ______.

A)social statics
B)social problems
C)social economics
D)social dynamics

Question 7

Many deprived areas in the United States do not have ______ because everyone is poor, eliminating much of the stress that would come from feelings of relative deprivation.

A)high rates of crime
B)low rates of crime
C)no crime
D)violent types of crime

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a social problem that occured during the Industrial Revolution?

A)losing children
B)failure to dispose off waste
C)not enough food
D)higher rates of crime

Question 9

Essay on the Moral Statistics of France was an extended version of a report, written by ______, which is considered by some as being the first study of scientific criminology.

A)Durkheim
B)Guerry
C)Comte
D)Tarde

Question 10

Merton's strain theory refers to ______ as conventional goals.

A)the American Dream
B)social control mechanisms
C)the Social Dream
D)collective conscience

Question 11

Which of the following would typically NOT be associated with social structure theories?

A)emphasis on variations in economic or academic success
B)differences in cultural norms and values
C)breakdown of social structure in neighborhoods and the resulting social disorganization that happens
D)variations in the social interaction between individuals and groups

Question 12

______ is the degree to which individuals of a society think alike.

A)Collective agreement
B)Social agreement
C)Collective conscience
D)Collective thinking

Question 13

Which of the following was the nickname given to the Phoenix Valley robber?

A)The Geezer Bandit
B)Mesh-Mask Bandit
C)Michael Jackson Bandit
D)Black Binder Bandit

Question 14

Social structural theories use mostly ______.

A)macro-level analyses
B)micro-level analyses
C)individual differences
D)psychological analyses

Question 15

______ refers to the aspects of society that contribute to stability and social order.

A)Social statics
B)Social problems
C)Social economics
D)Social dynamics

Question 16

According to Cloward and Ohlin, a neighborhood that is absent legitimate opportunity structures as well as successful illegitimate opportunity structures will likely lead to the formation of ______.

A)criminal gangs
B)conflict gang
C)corner boys
D)delinquent boys

Question 17

Durkheim's term for normlessness is ______.

A)anemia
B)anomie
C)alimony
D)conscience

Question 18

In smaller, homogeneous societies, there is less need for ______ than there is in larger, heterogeous societies.

A)informal laws
B)formal laws
C)limited laws
D)politics

Question 19

In Agnew's general strain theory, the primary mediating factor is the feeling of ______.

A)achievement
B)happiness
C)sadness
D)anger

Question 20

______ was the most influential theorist of modern structural perspectives on criminality.

A)Durkheim
B)Guerry
C)Comte
D)Tarde

Question 21

It can be stated that a person who is feeling left out of groups that he/she wants to be part of is experiencing anomie/anomia.According to Durkheim's theory of anomie, the anomie can be attributed to ______.

A)high levels of social integration
B)low levels of social integration
C)the absence of legitimate opportunity structures
D)noxious stimuli

Question 22

______ published a 4-volume work titled A System of Positive Polity that encourages the use of scientific methods to observe and measure societal factors.

A)Merton
B)Agnew
C)Comte
D)Durkheim

Question 23

According to Cohen, disadvantaged youths are likely to experience failure in school because they are unprepared to conform to ______.

A)classroom structure
B)status frustration
C)school dress codes
D)middle-class values

Question 24

The United States is a society that includes many members with specific expertise or tasks for which most members rely upon.That is, the members are interdependent.This makes the United States a/an ______ society.

A)mechanical
B)collective
C)organic
D)modern

Question 25

The "American Dream" implies that as long as people work hard and pay their dues, they will achieve their goals.

Question 26

In organic societies, the purpose of laws is to encourage ______ among members.

A)agreement
B)cohesion
C)togetherness
D)conformity

Question 27

Strain theory was developed by Robert Agnew.

Question 28

Based on his analysis, Quetelet asserted that the areas in which crime is concentrated involves both opportunities and ______ characteristics.

A)demographic
B)personal
C)external
D)internal

Question 29

Members of retreatist gangs are typically individuals who failed at both crime and violence.

Question 30

Some experts claim that the report completed by ______ concerning national crime statistics is the first study of scientific criminology.

A)Comte
B)Quetelet
C)Guerry
D)Durkheim

Question 31

______ assumes that everyone deals with frustrations in routine daily life.

A)Merton's strain theory
B)Cohen's lower-class status theory
C)Cloward and Ohlin's theory of differential opportunity
D)Agnew's general strain theory

Question 32

Robert Agnew proposed ______ theory.

A)institutional anomie
B)reaction-formation
C)relative deprivation
D)general strain

Question 33

Per Cohen, the college boy will try to overcome the barriers presented to him by continuing to work hard and do as well as his middle-class classmates.

Question 34

______ identified two additional categories of strain: presentation of noxious stimuli and removal of positively valued stimuli.

A)Durkheim
B)Merton
C)Agnew
D)Cloward and Ohlin

Question 35

Guerry asserted that ______ was the explanation for differential crime.

A)opportunity
B)location
C)time
D)money

Question 36

A person who is willing to sacrifice his/her status in the community and/or the respect of family and friends would be categorized as a ritualist per Merton's adaptations.

Question 37

According to Durkheim, a community without law violators will ______,

A)prosper and become a utopia
B)remain the same
C)change its laws to define some members as law violators
D)condemn the condemners

Question 38

According to Merton, ______ are the most likely to commit crimes.

A)ritualists
B)retreatisits
C)innovators
D)rebels

Question 39

According to Durkheim, anomie results from the discrepancy between the culturally approved goals of society and the legitimate means to reach those goals.

Question 40

______ societies do not have extreme restraints against deviations from established norms.

A)Collective
B)Mechanical
C)Organic
D)Modern

Question 41

How does Merton's strain theory differ from Durkheim's theory?

Question 42

In organic societies, a consensus about norms and values is more difficult relative to mechanical societies.

Question 43

Durkheim emphasized that human beings have an internal mechanism to signal when their needs and desires are satiated.

Question 44

Briefly describe noxious stimuli and removal of positively valued stimuli.Provide examples of each.

Question 45

Comte's ideas regarding social statics and social dynamics are still significant to criminological theories.

Question 46

Name and describe Merton's five modes of adaptation.

Question 47

Comte's A System of Positive Polity encouraged the use of observational methods to observe and measure societal factors.

Question 48

In mechanical societies, males completed the hunting while females gathered.

Question 49

What is the difference between criminal gangs and conflict gangs?

Question 50

Comte showed that areas with rapid changes in economic conditions have low crime rates.

Question 51

According to Quetelet, young, unemployed, and poor individuals are more likely to commit crime.

Question 52

Explain how Cohen used the "middle-class measuring rod" to explain gang formation.

Question 53

Guerry concluded from examining the first modern crime statistics that violent crime was higher in poor areas.

Question 54

Agnew claimed that the presentation of noxious stimuli in one's life could lead to major stress and frustration.

Question 55

Durkheim asserted that crime is necessary in all societies.

Question 56

The age-crime curve cannot be explained by conflict theory.

Question 57

Merton believes that most frustration and strain comes from trying to achieve societal goals without sufficient access to the legitimate means to do so.

Question 58

Merton identified five adaptations to strain.

Question 59

A society made up of a mix of members whose values are rooted in Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, and atheism will have a very strong collective conscience.