Deck 6: Argentina: Populism, the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy

Question 1

Which of the following was not one of the reasons Perón was immensely popular?

A) His wife Evita.
B) His provision of generous salaries to the military.
C) His use of government patronage to woo the middle class.
D) His excellent relations with the Roman Catholic Church.

Answer 1

His excellent relations with the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 2

The Radical party in Argentina was made up of a coalition of what two groups?

A) Immigrant farmers and stevedores.
B) Middle-class citizens and some large landowners.
C) Military officers and workers.
D) Large landowners and military officers.

Answer 2

Middle-class citizens and some large landowners.

Question 3

Estancieros embraced the Saenz-Peña law because they hoped it would

A) expand the electoral appeal of Radicals.
B) attract new urban political allies by requiring universal male suffrage and a secret ballot.
C) restrict immigration and increase their political power.
D) expand immigration, increase the rural labor supply, reduce wages, and increase profits.

Answer 3

attract new urban political allies by requiring universal male suffrage and a secret ballot.

Question 4

The basic tenets of Perón's first five-year plan were

A) free trade and less government.
B) redistribution of great estates in the Pampas and import substitution industrialization.
C) government intervention in the economy on a large scale and reestablishment of Argentine control of its own economy.
D) increased agricultural exports and tight control of imports.

Question 5

Historically, Argentina's major exports were

A) wool, mutton, beef, and wheat.
B) wheat, soy beans, sugar, and wine.
C) beef, sugar, wheat, and hides.
D) corn, wheat, barley, and oats.

Question 6

Which of these were not reasons for Perón's overthrow?

A) His alienation of industrialists by refusing to lower workers' wages.
B) The death of Evita.
C) His attack on the Catholic church.
D) His uncooperative attitude toward the United States' effort in the Korean war.

Question 7

Juan Perón's return in 1974 brought a new economic policy called the Social Contract that called for

A) higher wages for workers.
B) a wage and price freeze.
C) an end to foreign ownership of Argentine industry.
D) a professionalization of the military.

Question 8

The 1943 coup that overthrew the Concordancia regime arose from the military's concern that

A) the Concordancia regime was too favorable to Germany.
B) the government was taking too great a role in the economy.
C) leftist elements needed to be contained.
D) industrialization of Argentina was necessary.

Question 9

The middle class that developed in Argentina at the turn of the twentieth century was composed of

A) urban landlords, bureaucrats, and professionals.
B) bureaucrats, ranchers, and farmers.
C) meat-packing workers, socialists, and bureaucrats.
D) bankers, farmers, and railroad workers.

Question 10

The Radicals split apart during the 1920s because

A) one faction wanted an alliance with the Socialists.
B) the military disapproved of party policies.
C) Yrigoyen wanted his son-in-law to succeed him as president.
D) the middle class and oligarchy disagreed over government fiscal policy.

Question 11

Yrigoyen cracked down hard on union strikes in 1917 and 1918 because

A) the Socialist party threatened to oppose him in the 1922 election.
B) the strikes jeopardized the oligarchy's export interests.
C) he worried about the possibility of war against Paraguay over access to the Paraná River.
D) the strikers' demands were unreasonable.

Question 12

Arturo Frondizi, the candidate of the Radical party's Intransigent wing, won the presidency in 1958 by

A) appealing to the right-wing elements.
B) vowing to redistribute land to landless immigrants.
C) forging a secret deal with the Perónists.
D) demanding a full reform of the military.

Question 13

The operating mechanism of the Radical party was

A) a conservative fiscal policy and political stability.
B) a liberal economic policy.
C) patronage for the working class.
D) high tariffs for industrialists.

Question 14

Hipólito Yrigoyen, the leader of the Radicals, could be described in all but which one of the following ways?

A) A great mediator.
B) An articulate spokesman.
C) A charismatic leader.
D) A clever deal maker.

Question 15

During the Infamous Decade, Argentina was ruled by

A) left-wing military officers, impatient with the lack of concessions to the working class.
B) a dissident wing of the Radical party, led by Alvear.
C) a right-wing military group for the first time.
D) an alliance of regional political bosses.

Question 16

Early twentieth-century Argentine industrialization created

A) intolerable social conditions in which Argentine women suffered intense discrimination and exploitation.
B) fabulous opportunities for working class men and women, whose participation in the labor force doubled.
C) demand for labor and high wages that attracted increased immigration.
D) social inequality, but also independent national economic growth.

Question 17

Cecelia Grierson, Argentina's first female doctor, was an outspoken feminist who

A) demanded that women have the right to choose an abortion.
B) sought to protect, nourish, and conserve the primary power of women within the family.
C) advocated equal access to education and professional employment.
D) insisted on women's right to vote and hold office.

Question 18

Late nineteenth-century market expansion

A) diversified Argentina's dependency, raised wages, and improved living standards for all.
B) dissolved barriers to public employment for women, forcing them into low paid, menial jobs in urban sweatshops.
C) expanded opportunities for women and released them from the drudgery of unpaid labor in the home.
D) promoted immigration, urbanization, and industrialization that reduced the power of rural
Landlords.

Question 19

The Roca-Runciman Treaty of 1933

A) conceded Chile's rights to the Beagle Channel.
B) gave the Falkland/Malvinas islands autonomy.
C) guaranteed Argentina a fixed share of the chilled-beef market in Great Britain.
D) gave Argentine beef access to the U.S. market.

Question 20

Juan Perón's crucial political contribution was his

A) recognition of the potential of the organized and unorganized working class and the need to broaden the social base of the nationalist revolution.
B) ability to draw the support of the military that was divided into pro-Axis and pro-Allied factions.
C) manipulation of party politics.
D) reflection of Argentine anti-immigrant sentiment.

Question 21

IDENTIFICATION
Semana Trágica (Tragic Week)

Question 22

In the 1951 presidential election, the first for which they were eligible to vote, Argentine women

A) largely ignored the divisive political contest and abstained from voting.
B) voted in record numbers exceeding 90 percent and elected the largest delegation of women legislators in the Americas.
C) provided the electoral margin that enabled the triumph of Catholic conservatives.
D) voted overwhelmingly for Eva Perón, but neglected to support other women candidates.

Question 23

The Great Depression

A) bankrupted Argentina's largest companies and spawned skyrocketing unemployment that hurt women more than men.
B) increased immigration and transformed the nation's ethnic labor force.
C) dramatically reduced women's participation as a share of the national labor force.
D) virtually eliminated women workers in the textile, tobacco, and clothing industries.

Question 24

During the Great Depression, Argentina's military leadership sought to revitalize the national economy by sponsoring

A) state-centered, import-substitution industrialization and forcing women to retire from public employment.
B) neoliberal reforms that favored foreign investment and job opportunities for women.
C) new investment in traditional economic sectors like agriculture and cattle-raising.
D) cooperative trade treaties with Latin American countries suffering from the global crisis.

Question 25

The social origins of the tango lay in the dance

A) adopted by Argentine elites who mimicked the French contradanse.
B) introduced by Italian immigrants fleeing armed conflict and crime in their native country.
C) associated with middle-class urban professionals who disdained elite cultural traditions.
D) first performed by enslaved Africans and later by poor people in bars and brothels.

Question 26

Carolina Muzzilli and Alicia Moreau de Justo were

A) middle class reformers who demanded equal rights for women in education.
B) aristocrats who supported equality including women's right to vote and hold office.
C) radicals who sought laws to regulate working conditions for women and children, providing special legal protections.
D) advocates of "whitening," the racist policy of promoting European immigration while restricting non-whites.

Question 27

IDENTIFICATION
Concordancia

Question 28

IDENTIFICATION
Pacto Social (Social Compact)

Question 29

IDENTIFICATION
Tango

Question 30

IDENTIFICATION
Infamous Decade

Question 31

IDENTIFICATION
Radical party (Unión Cívica Radical)

Question 32

IDENTIFICATION
Social Motherhood

Question 33

In 1924, trade unions and women's groups secured passage of a law that established

A) an eight-hour work day for women, limited a woman's work week to 48 hours, and prohibited night work.
B) civil equality among men and women in the workplace.
C) free child care, pre- and post-partum medical care, and the right to an abortion for working women.
D) free vocational education for working women.

Question 34

Argentine women were granted the right to vote and hold office in 1947, largely because

A) Perón's wife, Evita, was a fervent feminist who pressured her husband to support women's equality.
B) they were 45 percent of industrial workers and demanded their political and civil rights.
C) Perón's conservative Catholic government expected women's vote to favor the Church.
D) the U.S. government had pressured Perón to show his commitment to democracy.

Question 35

IDENTIFICATION
Agustín P. Justo

Question 36

Argentina legalized prostitution in the late 19^th century largely so that elite men could

A) discourage the spread of syphilis and other venereal diseases.
B) weaken the patriarchal family structure that bound working class families together.
C) secure an inexpensive outlet for the release of their sexual frustrations.
D) collect revenues from, and establish control over, a population considered "dangerous."

Question 37

The tango became associated with Argentina's national identity largely because it was

A) favored by middle-class urban professionals who flourished during World War II.
B) the dance favored by the majority of Argentine people.
C) popular in Paris, from which Francophile elite and middle-class Argentines adopted it.
D) a reflection of this immigrant nation's multicultural traditions.

Question 38

During the Infamous Decade, the military abolished prostitution because it

A) spread venereal disease and undermined the patriarchal family.
B) increased the competition with urban industry for women workers and boosted wages.
C) depleted the state's scarce revenues to pay for prostitutes' medical care.
D) promoted popular resistance to the military dictatorship.

Question 39

IDENTIFICATION
Hipólito Yrigoyen

Question 40

IDENTIFICATION
José F. Uriburu

Question 41

Explain the social origins of the tango and how it came to represent Argentina's national identity.

Question 42

Hipólito Yrigoyen and Juan Perón were the dominant figures of twentieth-century Argentine politics. Compare and contrast their careers. Why did they each succeed? Why did both ultimately fail?

Question 43

IDENTIFICATION
Carlos Gardel

Question 44

Describe and discuss the role of the military in Argentina in the twentieth century. How has its role changed over time?

Question 45

IDENTIFICATION
Arturo Frondizi

Question 46

Outline the history of the Argentine export economy in the twentieth century. What were its strengths and weaknesses?

Question 47

IDENTIFICATION
Juan Perón

Question 48

IDENTIFICATION
Carolina Muzzilli

Question 49

In the twentieth century, Argentina had one of the strongest feminist movements in Latin America. Describe the impact of that movement on the course of modern Argentine populism.

Question 50

IDENTIFICATION
Sáenz Peña Law

Question 51

IDENTIFICATION
piqueteros

Question 52

IDENTIFICATION
Eva Perón

Question 53

IDENTIFICATION
Juan Carlos Onganía

Question 54

IDENTIFICATION
Cecelia Grierson

Question 55

The Unión Cívica Radical (Radical party) was anything but radical. Outline the history of the Radical party in Argentina. What were its class base and policies and how did these change over time?