Deck 7: Cuba: The Revolutionary Socialist Alternative to Populism

Question 1

The United States intervened in Cuba in 1898 in order to

A) prevent Great Britain from taking over the island.
B) annex the island.
C) protect U.S. investments on the island.
D) avenge the sinking of the USS New Hampshire in Havana harbor.

Answer 1

protect U.S. investments on the island.

Question 2

Which of the following does not describe José Martí?

A) He spent much of his youth in jail.
B) He was a journalist in the United States.
C) He reestablished Cuba's independence movement.
D) He won the independence movement's greatest military victory.

Answer 2

He won the independence movement's greatest military victory.

Question 3

The greatest failure of the Cuban Revolution was the

A) missile crisis of October 1962.
B) Ten Million Ton Harvest.
C) assassination of Ché Guevara in Bolivia.
D) involvement in Angola.

Answer 3

Ten Million Ton Harvest.

Question 4

In 1959 and 1960, the major opposition to Castro came from

A) the anticommunist middle class.
B) revolutionary rivals from the 26th of July Movement.
C) Ché Guevara.
D) the labor unions.

Question 5

Cuban electoral politics from 1904 to 1924 were characterized by

A) remarkably honest elections.
B) the dominance of the Socialist party.
C) corruption and vote fraud.
D) relative peacefulness.

Question 6

Mambises were

A) peasants who cultivated small plots of plantation land in exchange for a share of the crop.
B) secret societies that enabled Afro-Cubans to resist post-emancipation apartheid.
C) racially integrated guerrilla units, composed of and commanded by Afro-Cubans.
D) peasant women who provided food and intelligence to Cuba Libre, the liberation army.

Question 7

The book that Fidel Castro wrote while in prison made him famous throughout Cuba. It was entitled

A) History Will Absolve Me.
B) Nunca Más (Never Again).
C) Memoirs of a Prisoner.
D) Prisoner Without Name, Cell Without Number.

Question 8

To secure his power as resistance mounted, Machado

A) granting large wage increases to workers.
B) imposing a state of emergency.
C) calling in the U.S. Marines.
D) used increasingly harsh repression.

Question 9

Which of the following was not a reason for U.S. intervention in 1898?

A) U.S. leaders feared that the escalating violence would destroy private property in Cuba.
B) U.S. policymakers feared the possibility of a "race war" in Cuba.
C) The United States feared the spread of communism.
D) The U.S. public favored war to stop Spanish brutality and promote Cuban freedom.

Question 10

During the Cuban Revolution of 1895, Afro-Cubans like Antonio Maceo

A) largely ignored the call to independence from Spain because it had abolished slavery.
B) organized their own segregated, race-based movement for independence.
C) opposed a revolutionary movement for independence because it was led by criollo elites.
D) fought in racially integrated battalions and constituted a majority of the Cuba Libre army.

Question 11

In 1933, President Roosevelt attempted to resolve the Cuban crisis through the mediation of

A) Cordell Hull.
B) Henry L. Stimson.
C) James Buchanan.
D) Sumner Welles.

Question 12

In the institutionalization of the Cuban Revolution during the 1970s,

A) Fidel Castro lost much of his power.
B) the Communist party was pushed aside.
C) the Communist party gained considerable power.
D) the Cubans adopted the vision of the New Socialist Man.

Question 13

By the early 1890s Cuban sugar profits had been greatly reduced due to the global economic crisis and

A) a lack of available labor.
B) the introduction of harmful agricultural pests from Europe.
C) drought.
D) high U.S. tariffs on Cuban sugar imports.

Question 14

The first action of the revolutionary government of Dr. Ramón Grau San Martín in 1933 was to

A) jail Fulgencio Batista.
B) abrogate the Platt Amendment.
C) enter into negotiations with U.S. banks for large loans.
D) expropriate all foreign-owned oil refineries.

Question 15

The rule of the Auténtico party (1944-1952) was marked by

A) a golden era of political freedom.
B) harsh repression of left-wing parties.
C) widespread redistribution of wealth.
D) unprecedented corruption.

Question 16

Which of the following was not a major goal of the first U.S. occupation of Cuba from 1899 to 1902?

A) To establish democratic principles.
B) To make Cuba a self-governing protectorate.
C) To repair the destruction of war.
D) To absorb Cuba into the economic sphere of the United States.

Question 17

The New York Times reporter who boosted Castro's stature while the latter was still struggling in the Sierra Madres was

A) Flora Lewis.
B) James Reston.
C) Osvaldo Dorticós.
D) Herbert Matthews.

Question 18

Santería was a

A) network of secret mutual aid societies created by Afro-Cubans to resist enslavement.
B) Spanish cultural tradition combining ritual practices like Catholicism and Freemasonry.
C) system of discrimination that denied Afro-Cubans education, health care, and jobs.
D) popular religion that drew on African cultural traditions to resist Cuban apartheid.

Question 19

The major accomplishment of the first occupation was

A) the conquest of yellow fever.
B) the establishment of democratic principles.
C) the creation of a rural police force.
D) the eradication of hookworm.

Question 20

Which of the following was not a problem for the revolutionary economy in the early 1960s?

A) Poor planning by inexperienced bureaucrats.
B) The exile of many professionals to the United States.
C) The U.S. embargo against trade with Cuba.
D) Strict adherence to the Soviet economic development model.

Question 21

Which of these was not a reason for U.S. opposition to Ramón Grau San Martín's revolutionary government?

A) Grau suspended repayment of loans to New York bankers.
B) Grau confiscated two U.S.-owned sugar mills.
C) Grau opposed the creation of democratic political institutions and free elections.
D) Grau's social reforms threatened elite power and U.S. hegemony.

Question 22

During the U.S. occupation, General Wood empowered wealthy Spanish and Criollo elites by

A) limiting suffrage to literate adult males with property worth $250.
B) requiring incorporation of the Platt Amendment as a precondition for U.S. withdrawal.
C) reconstructing the Cuban national educational system according to U.S. models.
D) building a sanitation system that reduced mosquito infestations and eliminated yellow fever.

Question 23

IDENTIFICATION
José Martí

Question 24

The canción de protesta was the cultural site of a popular political movement that protested

A) the U.S. economic blockade against Cuba.
B) the Revolution's authoritarianism and celebrated its goal of social justice.
C) the Revolution's objective of social equality.
D) Russian domination of Cuba in the 1970s.

Question 25

Tomas Estrada Palma was the first

A) leader of the Cuba Libre movement to win popular election to the presidency.
B) democratically elected president of a truly independent, sovereign Cuban nation.
C) Cuban revolutionary to oppose foreign imperialism and local elite domination.
D) Cuban president to submit to U.S. pressures and curry favor among local elites through patronage and corruption.

Question 26

IDENTIFICATION
Granma

Question 27

The ill-fated ten million ton sugar harvest of 1970 failed in part because

A) there was a sharp decline in the demand for sugar in international markets.
B) the United States employed biological warfare to destroy the cane crop.
C) a terrible hurricane season destroyed the bulk of the cane.
D) professional cane-cutters took advantage of other jobs made possible by the Revolution.

Question 28

Which of these does not describe the effect of World War I on Cuba's development?

A) It promoted import substitution industrialization and economic diversification.
B) It accelerated the concentration of the sugar industry in American hands.
C) It disrupted sugar production, increased prices, and reinforced Cuban dependency on sugar exports.
D) It created labor shortages that led to increased immigration from Jamaica and other Caribbean islands.

Question 29

IDENTIFICATION
Dance of the Millions

Question 30

IDENTIFICATION
General Valeriano Weyler

Question 31

IDENTIFICATION
Turpie-Foraker Bill

Question 32

IDENTIFICATION
Teller Amendment

Question 33

IDENTIFICATION
zafra

Question 34

During the second U.S. occupation, Charles Magoon governed Cuba and promoted a

A) racist immigration policy of "whitening," prohibiting "races of color," but subsidizing Spanish immigrants.
B) plan to eliminate patronage, corruption, and fraud in government administration.
C) growth of brujería, ñañaguismo, and santería.
D) "racist massacre" that killed thousands of Afro-Cubans.

Question 35

Cubans feared that the U.S. aimed to replace Spanish domination of Cuba because McKinley

A) denounced counterinsurgency tactics employed by Spanish General Valeriano Weyler.
B) opposed the Turpie-Foraker and Teller Amendments that recognized Cuban belligerency and forbade annexation.
C) endorsed white supremacist policies in the U.S. south and feared "a race war" in Cuba.
D) supported the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution of 1903.

Question 36

Which of the following was not characteristic of "son" in the 1920s?

A) It was the cultural site of conflict between racist criollo elites and the "popular classes."
B) It was a musical style that joined traditional Spanish melodies with African rhythms.
C) It was greatly influenced by the French Contre-Danse.
D) It was denounced by U.S. policymakers for arousing racial solidarity among blacks.

Question 37

The Cuban Revolution's greatest achievements include all of the following except

A) dramatic improvements in gender and racial equality.
B) full employment, widespread homeownership, and rent controls.
C) a literacy crusade that reduced illiteracy from 24 to 4 percent.
D) the elimination of dependency on sugar monoculture and foreign exports.

Question 38

Haydeé Santamaría, Melba Hernández, and Celia Sánchez were

A) 26th of July Movement leaders who built a network of women to support the revolution.
B) aristocratic supporters of the brutal dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista.
C) middle-class women who demanded that literate Cuban women have the right to vote.
D) daughters of Mariana Grajales, wife of Afro-Cuban independence hero, Antonio Maceo.

Question 39

IDENTIFICATION
Antonio Maceo

Question 40

The postwar collapse of sugar prices

A) led to gradual diversification of Cuban agriculture and decline of sugar monoculture.
B) undermined local support for Enoch Crowder's democratically elected government.
C) produced a downward economic spiral known as "the dance of the millions."
D) exposed the consequences of foreign domination and ignited nationalistic social protests.

Question 41

IDENTIFICATION
Danzón

Question 42

IDENTIFICATION
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar

Question 43

IDENTIFICATION
Alfredo Zayas

Question 44

IDENTIFICATION
Nueva Trova

Question 45

IDENTIFICATION
Ten Million Ton Harvest

Question 46

IDENTIFICATION
Canción de protesta

Question 47

IDENTIFICATION
Cuban Women's Federation

Question 48

IDENTIFICATION
Gerardo Machado y Morales

Question 49

IDENTIFICATION
Celia Sánchez

Question 50

IDENTIFICATION
Mario Menocal

Question 51

IDENTIFICATION
Evaristo Estenoz

Question 52

IDENTIFICATION
Tomás Estrada Palma

Question 53

IDENTIFICATION
Carlos Prío Socorras

Question 54

IDENTIFICATION
Fidel Castro

Question 55

IDENTIFICATION
Platt Amendment

Question 56

IDENTIFICATION
Auténtico party

Question 57

IDENTIFICATION
Dr. Ramón Grau San Martín

Question 58

IDENTIFICATION
Son

Question 59

IDENTIFICATION
Enoch Crowder

Question 60

IDENTIFICATION
Haydée Santamaría

Question 61

Assess the successes and failures of the Cuban Revolution since 1959.

Question 62

How did the reforms imposed by the Cuban Revolution contrast with those undertaken by populist regimes in Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina?

Question 63

Trace the history of Cuba's sugar economy since 1900. What were its main weaknesses? Strengths?

Question 64

Compare and contrast the roles played in Cuban history by Fulgencio Batista and Fidel Castro.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the Cuban revolutions of 1898, 1933, and 1959. Why did the first two fail and the last succeed?

Question 66

Trace the history of United States efforts to "get rid" of Castro and suggest some reasons for the failure of these efforts.

Question 67

How did Cuban popular culture both reflect and shape the process of national development?

Question 68

Describe and discuss the role of the United States in Cuban history since 1898.

Question 69

What roles did women play in Cuba's national development?