Deck 11: Endocrine System

Question 1

Hormone effects on target cells can continue even if hormone secretion has stopped.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Slowed mental development, stunted growth, or even death may result from insufficient levels of thyroxine in infants and children.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A hormone binding to its membrane receptor may cause increased permeability to sodium ions.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The main pancreatic duct runs the entire length of the pancreas and delivers insulin and other hormones into the small intestine.

Question 5

PTH targets cells of the intestine, kidneys, and bones in order to regulate sodium concentration in the blood.

Question 6

Thyroxine (T ₄) and Triiodothyronine (T ₃) have opposite effects on target cells.

Question 7

Target cells for a specific hormone do not always have a receptor for that hormone.

Question 8

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, so they cannot pass through the plasma membrane.

Question 9

Diabetes insipidus is a metabolic disease caused by lack of insulin or decreased sensitivity to insulin.

Question 10

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus have target cells in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 11

Oxytocin acts on the myoepithelial cells of the breastsand causes the ejection of breast milk.

Question 12

A group of lipids called prostaglandins act as "local hormones"on a variety of tissues.

Question 13

Hypophysealcapillary beds allow hypothalamic hormones to act on target cells in the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 14

The secretion of pituitary hormones is largely controlled by the hypothalamus.

Question 15

Special hypophyseal capillary beds carry hormones from the pituitary gland to target cells in the hypothalamus.

Question 16

T ₄is five times more potent than T ₃.

Question 17

The pancreas functions as both an endocrine gland and as an exocrine gland.

Question 18

Sex hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex.

Question 19

The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens.

Question 20

Hormone/receptor binding may lead to secretion of another different hormone.

Question 21

A deficiency of dietary iodine would result in excessive TSH secretion.

Question 22

Parathyroid hormone stimulates __________.

A) follicular cell activity
B) osteoblast activity
C) osteoclast activity
D) fibroblast activity
E) basal metabolic rate

Question 23

In the alarm stage of a stress response, air passages dilate.

Question 24

Which of the following hormones is released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) Growth hormone
D) Antidiuretic hormone
E) Prolactin-releasing hormone

Question 25

What is the action of cortisol?

A) Increases the permeability of capillary walls
B) Increasesthe permeability of lysosomal membranes
C) Stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates
D) Promotes protein synthesis
E) Stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 26

What is an example of a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla?

A) A mineralocorticoid
B) A glucocorticoid
C) Aldosterone
D) Epinephrine
E) Glucagon

Question 27

What hormone exerts its effect primarily on the reproductive organs?

A) Follicle-stimulating hormone
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) Epinephrine
D) Insulin
E) Antidiuretic hormone

Question 28

What primarily controls the secretion of parathyroid hormone?

A) Hypothalamic hormones
B) Blood calcium concentration
C) Thyroid hormones
D) Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland
E) Hormones from the posterior pituitary gland

Question 29

What hormone decreases the plasma concentration of calcium?

A) Thyroxine
B) Triiodothyronine
C) Calcitonin
D) Parathyroid hormone
E) Growth hormone

Question 30

How do steroid hormones produce their effects?

A) By combining with receptors on the surfaces of cell membranes
B) By activating the formation of adenylate cyclase
C) By producing cyclic AMP
D) By activating genes
E) By clogging blood vessels

Question 31

What stimulates the release of growth hormone?

A) Growth hormone releasing hormone
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) Thyrotropin releasing hormone
D) Increased blood sugar
E) Dehydration

Question 32

How is the secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland largely controlled?

A) Hormones from the hypothalamus
B) Impulses from the autonomic nervous system
C) Impulses from the hypothalamus
D) Hormones from the posterior pituitary gland
E) Plasma concentrations of glucose

Question 33

What is the effect of aldosterone's stimulation on the kidneys?

A) Conserve sodium and excrete potassium
B) Excrete sodium and conserve potassium
C) Excrete sodium and potassium
D) Conserve sodium and potassium
E) Secrete erythropoietin

Question 34

In the resistance stage of a stress response, sympathetic nerves stimulate the adrenal cortex.

Question 35

A person with an abnormally high metabolic rate, is underweight, and has protruding eyes is exhibiting symptoms of what disorder?

A) Hypothyroidism
B) Hyperthyroidism
C) Diabetes mellitus
D) Diabetes insipidus
E) Growth hormone deficiency

Question 36

What causes cretinism?

A) Hypothyroidism
B) Hyperthyroidism
C) Hypoparathyroidism
D) Hyperparathyroidism
E) Low levels of calcitonin

Question 37

What type of neurons stimulate secretions from cells of the adrenal medulla?

A) Somatic motor neurons
B) Parasympathetic neurons
C) Sensory neurons
D) Sympathetic neurons
E) Interneurons

Question 38

What causes diabetes insipidus?

A) A lack of insulin
B) An excess of insulin
C) A lack of ADH
D) An excess of ADH
E) A defective response of target cells to insulin

Question 39

What is the effect of thyroxine?

A) Reduces the rate at which carbohydrates are utilized
B) Increases the rate at which proteins are synthesized
C) Inhibits activities of the nervous system
D) Inhibits the rate at which calcium enters body fluids
E) Lowers the basal metabolic rate

Question 40

What is an action of growth hormone?

A) Promotes the movement of glucose into cells
B) Increases the rate of cell division
C) Decreases the rate of fat metabolism
D) Promotes the breakdown of bone
E) Stimulates the excretion of water

Question 41

Cholesterol is the building block of which hormone group?

A) Amines
B) Peptides
C) Polypeptides and proteins
D) Steroids

Question 42

Receptors for all __________ hormones are located inside the cell, not in the plasma membrane.

A) amine
B) peptide
C) polypeptides and protein
D) steroid
E) glucose

Question 43

Where are the target cell receptors for water soluble hormones found? o

A) In the nucleus
B) In the cytoplasm
C) In the rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) In the plasma membrane
E) In the mitochondrion

Question 44

What lipid biochemicals are synthesized from arachidonic acid and have many diverse effects?

A) Prostoglandins
B) Steroids
C) Cholesterol
D) G proteins

Question 45

After a meal, glucose levels in the blood rise and, in response, the pancreas releases a hormone to lower blood glucose. This is an example of which control pathway?

A) A hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.
B) The nervous system stimulates a gland directly.
C) Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly.

Question 46

What symptoms would result from an excess release of hormones from the adrenal medulla?

A) High blood pressure
B) Decreased heart rate
C) Decreased blood sugar
D) Sodium loss in the urine
E) Abnormal bone growth

Question 47

Which of the following is an effect of a person experiencing chronic stress?

A) Increased activity of the spleen and other lymphatic organs
B) Increased activity of the immune system
C) Increased resistance to infections
D) Increased blood pressure
E) Decreased plasma levels of cortisol

Question 48

What is an effect of diabetes mellitus?

A) Glucose in the urine
B) Decrease urine production
C) High blood pressure
D) Low blood sugar
E) Increase blood pH

Question 49

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an example of a __________.

A) G protein
B) second messenger
C) first messenger
D) hormone
E) paracrine

Question 50

Which control pathway was responsible for the adrenaline release Goldilocks experienced when she woke up surrounded by three bears?

A) A hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.
B) The nervous system directly stimulated an endocrine gland.
C) Changing plasma levels of a substance directly stimulated an endocrine gland.

Question 51

What is the cause of Type-1diabetes mellitus?

A) Excess sugar in the diet
B) Obesity
C) An autoimmune disease
D) An effect of aging
E) A defect in antidiuretic hormone secretion

Question 52

Thyroid hormones (TH) releasing in response to stimulation by TSH is an example of what control method?

A) A hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.
B) The nervous system stimulates a gland directly.
C) Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly.

Question 53

Which control pathway leads to the release of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary?

A) A hormone stimulates the release of another hormone.
B) The nervous system stimulates a gland directly.
C) Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly.

Question 54

In response to high blood calcium levels, the thyroid gland releases a hormone that works to lower blood calcium. This is an example of which endocrine control method?

A) The hypothalamus and pituitary stimulate a peripheral endocrine gland.
B) The nervous system stimulates a gland directly.
C) Changing plasma levels of a substance stimulate a gland directly.

Question 55

What hormone sustains milk production after birth?

A) ADH
B) PTH
C) PRL
D) OT
E) GH

Question 56

What is the term for chemical messengers that are released into interstitial fluid, diffuse into the blood stream, and act on target cells that are a distance away?

A) Ligand
B) Neurotransmitter
C) Hormone
D) Glycolipid

Question 57

What secretions, sometimes called "local hormones," only affect neighboring cells?

A) Exocrine secretions
B) Apocrine secretions
C) Autocrine secretions
D) Paracrine secretions

Question 58

Some cancerous tumors act like endocrine glands, causing disturbances in electrolyte balance. What might be the result of very high calcium levels in interstitial fluid?

A) Muscle and nerve cells would require less stimulation to depolarize.
B) Muscle and nerve cells would require more stimulation to depolarize.
C) Depolarization of muscle and nerve cells would not be affected by extra calcium outside the cells.
D) Muscle and nerve cell function could only be affected by changing levels of sodium and potassium.

Question 59

What action does insulin produce?

A) A decrease in the concentration of blood glucose
B) A decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose
C) An increase in the production of glucose from glycogen
D) An increase in the concentration of blood glucose
E) An increase in gluconeogenesis

Question 60

What is the most common regulator of hormone secretion?

A) The autonomic nervous system
B) The central nervous system
C) Negative feedback
D) Positive feedback

Question 61

What hormone is manufactured by cells of the pineal gland?

A) ADH
B) Prolactin
C) Aldosterone
D) Melatonin
E) Cortisol

Question 62

What is the action of glucagon?

A) Stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose
B) Stimulates liver cells to synthesize glycogen from glucose
C) Stimulates tissue cells to transport glucose into cells
D) Stimulates tissue cells to export glucose into the bloodstream

Question 63

What hormone stimulates protein synthesis, promotes fatty acid release from adipose tissue, and stimulates glucose formation from non-sugar sources?

A) Aldosterone
B) GH
C) FSH
D) Cortisol
E) Insulin

Question 64

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary?

A) Growth hormone
B) Thyroid stimulating hormone
C) Antidiuretic hormone
D) Follicle stimulating hormone
E) Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 65

Insulin is produced by __________ of the __________.

A) alpha cells; pancreas
B) beta cells; pancreas
C) gamma cells; pancreas
D) hepatocytes; liver

Question 66

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to conserve water?

A) ADH
B) PTH
C) PRL
D) OT
E) GH

Question 67

The inner region of the __________ produces hormones associated with fight-or-flight effects.

A) thyroid gland
B) pancreas
C) hypothalamus
D) adrenal gland
E) ovary

Question 68

What is the action of insulin?

A) Stimulates liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose
B) Stimulates liver cells to convert glucose to glycogen
C) Stimulates muscle cells to transport glucose into cells
D) Stimulates tissue cells to convert fatty acids to glucose

Question 69

What steroid hormone is a mineralocorticoid that targets kidney cells to conserve sodium ions and excrete potassium ions?

A) ADH
B) Aldosterone
C) Erythropoeitin
D) Renin
E) Cortisol

Question 70

What disorder is caused by an oversecretion of growth hormone during childhood?

A) Acromegaly
B) Gigantism
C) Exophthalmia
D) Hyperlipidemia

Question 71

What endocrine gland produces steroid hormones in regions called the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis?

A) Thyroid gland
B) Pancreas
C) Hypothalamus
D) Adrenal gland
E) Pituitary gland

Question 72

What hormone raises blood calcium levels, stimulates osteoclasts, and increases absorption of dietary calcium?

A) PTH
B) Calcitonin
C) Aldosterone
D) ADH
E) Insulin

Question 73

What hormone is produced in response to the absence of light in the environment and is associated with circadian rhythms?

A) Serotonin
B) Acetylcholine
C) Melatonin
D) Dopamine

Question 74

What hormone stimulates mitosis, growth of cells, and movement of amino acids into cells?

A) ADH
B) PTH
C) PRL
D) OT
E) GH

Question 75

What gland or organ produces and releases both exocrine and endocrine secretions?

A) Liver
B) Heart
C) Pancreas
D) Thyroid
E) Adrenal gland

Question 76

What hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

A) PTH
B) GH
C) Calcitonin
D) Calcitriol
E) Aldosterone

Question 77

What endocrine gland is large in children but shrinks with age? Its secretions affect the production and differentiation of specific white blood cells involved in immunity.

A) Thymus gland
B) Thyroid gland
C) Parathyroid gland
D) Hypothalamus
E) Adrenal gland

Question 78

What hormone is produced by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets?

A) Glucagon
B) Calcitonin
C) Aldosterone
D) Glycogen
E) Insulin

Question 79

What hormone causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells of milk-secreting glands?

A) ADH
B) PTH
C) PRL
D) OT
E) GH

Question 80

What is the action of thymosin hormones?

A) They stimulate production of sex cells.
B) They regulate sleep-wake cycles.
C) They stimulate production of immune cells.
D) They regulate production of T ₃ and T ₄.