Deck 20: Pregnancy, Growth, Development, and Genetics

Question 1

When does the fetal stage of development begin?

A) At the end of the fourth week of pregnancy
B) At the end of the eighth week of pregnancy
C) At the end of the tenth week of pregnancy
D) At the end of the twelfth week of pregnancy

Answer 1

At the end of the eighth week of pregnancy

Question 2

Surfactant is necessary to increase surface tension in the lungs of a newborn.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

What are teratogens?

A) Factors that stimulate embryonic growth
B) Factors that cause congenital malformations
C) Factors that protect against infections
D) Factors that are required for implantation to occur

Answer 3

Factors that cause congenital malformations

Question 4

What is a symptom of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FAS)?

A) Reduced head size
B) Type 1 diabetes mellitus
C) Stunted limb growth
D) Heart defects

Question 5

By what route do drugs ingested by a pregnant woman most likely reach her fetus?

A) Through the allantois
B) Through the amniotic membrane
C) Through the placental membrane
D) Through the yolk sac

Question 6

The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to bypass the liver.

Question 7

During the early stages of pregnancy, the hormone __________ maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta is established.

A) human chorionic gonadotropin
B) testosterone
C) estrogen
D) progesterone

Question 8

Describe the blood that is passing through the ductus venosus.

A) Low in oxygen and nutrients
B) High in oxygen and nutrients
C) Low in oxygen but high in nutrients
D) High in oxygen but low in nutrients

Question 9

What blood vessel carries blood from the placenta to the fetus?

A) Umbilical artery
B) Umbilical vein
C) Ductus venosus
D) Ductus arteriosus

Question 10

How many major blood vessels are typically found in the umbilical cord?

A) One artery and one vein
B) Two arteries and one vein
C) One artery and two veins
D) Two arteries and two veins

Question 11

The external reproductive organs can be distinguished by the __________ week of development.

A) eighth
B) twelfth
C) fifteenth
D) twentieth

Question 12

Sperm movement is aided by the presence of compounds called __________ in semen.

A) estrogen
B) proteins
C) prostaglandins
D) epinephrine

Question 13

Within a blastocyst, what group of cells give rise to the body of the developing offspring?

A) Blastomere
B) Inner cell mass
C) Trophoblast
D) Corona radiata

Question 14

The union of a secondary oocyte and a sperm cell is called __________.

A) fertilization
B) implantation
C) cleavage
D) labor

Question 15

What enzyme, located on the sperm cell membrane, is needed to help the sperm penetrate an egg cell?

A) Hyaluronidase
B) Collagenase
C) Peptidase
D) Acetylcholinesterase

Question 16

What forms the placental membrane?

A) The embryonic disc
B) The myometrium of the uterus
C) The epithelium of chorionic villi and endothelium of villi capillaries
D) The lining of the amnion and the chorion

Question 17

Fetal blood passes from the right atrium to the left atrium via what structure?

A) Foramen ovale
B) Ductus arteriosus
C) Ductus venosus
D) Mitral valve
E) Tricuspid valve

Question 18

Factors that can cause malformations by affecting an embryo during its period of rapid growth and development are called teratogens.

Question 19

Development includes growth and is a continuous process during which the individual changes from one life phase to another.

Question 20

The ductus arteriosus carries blood from the __________ to the __________.

A) right atrium; left atrium
B) aorta; pulmonary trunk
C) pulmonary trunk; aorta
D) umbilical vein; inferior vena cava

Question 21

What event triggers meiosis II in a secondary oocyte?

A) Entry of sperm nucleus into oocyte cytoplasm
B) Sperm cells breaking through the corona radiata
C) Ovulation of the oocyte
D) Implantation into uterine lining

Question 22

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A) In the uterine tube
B) In the uterus
C) In the vagina
D) In the ovary

Question 23

What is the role of the hormone oxytocin in the birth process?

A) It stimulates thickening of the uterine lining.
B) It stimulates uterine-wall contractions.
C) It stimulates an increase in progesterone secretion.
D) It stimulates an increase in estrogen secretion.

Question 24

Which of the following indicates the correct order of phases of development?

A) Zygote → morula → blastocyst → embryo → fetus → newborn
B) Blastocyst → embryo → morula → zygote → fetus → newborn
C) Zygote → blastocyst → morula → embryo→ fetus → newborn
D) Morula → blastocyst → zygote → fetus → embryo → newborn

Question 25

Immediately following birth, the newborn's metabolic rate __________, and its oxygen consumption __________.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases

Question 26

From what vessels do the umbilical arteries arise?

A) Internal iliac arteries
B) Inferior and superior vena cavae
C) Femoral arteries
D) Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

Question 27

During the second and third trimesters, the uterine lining is maintained by the secretion of what hormone(s)?

A) Placental estrogen and placental progesterone
B) Relaxin
C) Human chorionic gonadotropin
D) Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Question 28

What primary germ layer gives rise to the muscles and bones?

A) Mesoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Ectoderm

Question 29

What is contained within the amniotic cavity?

A) Embryo
B) Yolk sac
C) Chorionic villi
D) Allantois

Question 30

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus in the fetal circulation?

A) To allow blood to bypass the lungs
B) To allow blood to bypass the digestive organs
C) To ascertain that blood from the placenta is well mixed with fetal blood
D) To divert oxygen-poor blood toward the placenta

Question 31

A sperm cell needs to pass through several layers/structures in order to fertilize a secondary oocyte. What is the correct order of these layers?

A) Corona radiata → zona pellucida → oocyte cell membrane
B) Zona pellucida → oocyte cell membrane → corona radiata
C) Oocyte cell membrane → zona pellucida → corona radiata
D) Zona pellucida → corona radiata → oocyte cell membrane

Question 32

What extends from the embryo into the endometrium, contributing to the formation of the placenta?

A) Chorionic villi
B) Embryonic disc and trophoblast
C) Yolk sac and allantois
D) Mesoderm and endoderm

Question 33

What hormone stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk?

A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Oxytocin
D) Prolactin

Question 34

What is the probability for the possible genotypes that result from the cross of two heterozygous parents?

A) 25% AA; 50% Aa; 25% aa
B) 100% Aa
C) 75% AA; 25% aa
D) 50% Aa; 50% aa

Question 35

During early prenatal development, a hollowed-out ball of cells called the __________ forms, which will attach to the endometrium.

A) blastocyst
B) morula
C) zygote
D) fetus

Question 36

Within a blastocyst, the __________ becomes the embryo proper, and the __________ is involved in anchoring the blastocyst to the uterine lining.

A) inner cell mass; trophoblast
B) chorion; allantois
C) trophoblast; placenta
D) morula; gastrula

Question 37

What sex chromosomes are found in normal male cells?

A) One X and one Y chromosome
B) Two X chromosomes
C) Two Y chromosomes
D) Two X and two Y chromosomes

Question 38

The most critical period of development, in which all the essential internal and external body parts form, is the __________ period.

A) embryonic
B) zygotic
C) fetal
D) neonatal

Question 39

What is the probability for the possible phenotypes that result from the cross of two heterozygous parents (Aa and Aa)? (The A allele is for normal pigmentation, and the a allele is for albinism.)

A) 25% normal pigmentation; 75% albino
B) 50% normal pigmentation; 50% albino
C) 75% normal pigmentation; 25% albino
D) 100% normal pigmentation

Question 40

What term describes a person with two identical variants (alleles) for a gene?

A) Heterozygous
B) Homozygous
C) Autosomal
D) Phenotypical

Question 41

The substance called __________, produced in the lungs, decreases surface tension and is needed for the newborn to be able to expand its lungs.

Question 42

The lower limbs reach their correct length relative to the rest of the body during the __________ period.

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) neonatal
D) infancy

Question 43

Each cell of a human zygote contains ___________ chromosomes.

Question 44

Individuals with the homozygous recessive genotype (ss) for sickle-cell anemia will have the disease. Those with the heterzygous genotype (Ss) will have the sickle-cell trait, a mild form of the disease. Those with the homozygous dominant genotype (SS) will not have any symptoms. What is the name of this kind of inheritance pattern?

A) Incomplete dominance
B) Polygenic inheritance
C) Codominance
D) Sex-linked inheritance

Question 45

Each gene can have variations within its DNA sequence. These variants are called __________.

A) alleles
B) factorials
C) traits
D) autosomes

Question 46

What is the probability that a man with a straight hairline (genotype ww) and a woman with a widow's peak (genotype Ww) will have a child with a straight hairline?

A) 100%
B) 50%
C) 25%
D) 0%

Question 47

Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive trait. Which would be true about the parents of a hemophiliac son?

A) The mother must have the recessive allele. The father's genotype doesn't have any effect on the son.
B) The father must have the recessive allele. The mother's genotype doesn't have any effect on the son.

Question 48

The hormone __________ suppresses uterine contractions while __________ promotes uterine contractions.

A) progesterone; prostaglandin
B) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteininzing hormone (LH)
C) estrogen; progesterone
D) oxytocin; estrogen

Question 49

Cystic fibrosis is due to a recessive gene that affects the functioning of chloride channels. What is the genotype of an individual with this disease?

A) Homozygous recessive
B) Heterozygous
C) Homozygous dominant

Question 50

When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, a(n) __________ is formed.

Question 51

During the process called __________, cells of the zygote undergo rapid division without increasing in size, becoming progressively smaller.