Deck 16: Respiratory System

Question 1

Which muscle(s) is/are used during forceful expiration?

A) Diaphragm
B) External intercostals
C) Abdominal wall muscles
D) Sternocleidomastoids

Answer 1

Abdominal wall muscles

Question 2

What type of tissue forms the lining of the nasal cavities?

A) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
B) Simple squamous epithelium
C) Stratified squamous epithelium
D) Loose connective tissue

Answer 2

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 3

What typically causes the condition in newborns called respiratory distress syndrome?

A) Lack of surfactant
B) Low oxygen concentration in the inspired air
C) High oxygen concentration in the inspired air
D) Thick mucus clogging theairways

Answer 3

Lack of surfactant

Question 4

The left lung is larger than the right lung.

Question 5

The pectoralis minor and the sternocleidomastoid muscles are used during forced expiration.

Question 6

The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.

Question 7

What structure(s) is/are not part of the anatomical dead space?

A) Larynx
B) Trachea
C) Alveoli
D) Bronchi

Question 8

What type of tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

A) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
B) Simple squamous epithelium
C) Stratified squamous epithelium
D) Loose connective tissue

Question 9

The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax.

Question 10

What causes the change in pressure needed for normal quiet expiration?

A) Contraction of the diaphragm
B) Contraction of the external intercostal muscles
C) Elastic recoil of the lungs
D) Dilation of the bronchial tree

Question 11

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is a measurement of that person'svital capacity.

Question 12

The most common form of lung cancer originates from what cell type?

A) Epithelial cells
B) Smooth muscle cells
C) Loose connective tissue cells
D) Hyaline cartilage cells

Question 13

A breathing pattern that eliminates too much CO ₂ is called hyperventilation.

Question 14

Why is laryngitis a potentially dangerous condition?

A) It can lead to obstruction of the esophagus.
B) It can cause obstruction of the airway.
C) It could spread, causing an inner ear infection.
D) It could cause difficulty swallowing.

Question 15

During normal quiet inspiration, the contraction of the __________ causes air to move into the lungs.

A) diaphragm
B) internal intercostal muscles
C) abdominal wall muscles
D) sternocleidomastoid

Question 16

Microorganisms trapped in the mucus of the nasal cavity eventually end up in the __________.

A) larynx
B) trachea
C) stomach
D) alveoli

Question 17

The potential space between the pleural membranes is called the pleural cavity.

Question 18

What term describes the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a respiratory cycle?

A) Tidal volume
B) Residual volume
C) Vital capacity
D) Total lung capacity
E) Expiratory reserve volume

Question 19

The left lung has only two lobes, while the right lung has three.

Question 20

Serous fluid in the pleural cavitytends to hold the visceral and parietal pleural membranes together.

Question 21

What forms the respiratory membrane?

A) A single layer of epithelial cells but not its basement membrane
B) A single layer of epithelial cells and its basement membrane
C) Two layers of epithelial cells but not their basement membranes
D) Two layers of epithelial cells and their basement membranes

Question 22

What results from the breathing pattern called hyperventilation?

A) Decrease in plasma P _CO2
B) Increase in plasma P _CO2
C) Decrease in plasma P _O2
D) Decrease in blood pH

Question 23

At the end of a quiet expiration, an additional volume of air can be expelled from the lungs. What is this additional amount of air called?

A) Expiratory reserve volume
B) Residual volume
C) Inspiratory reserve volume
D) Vital capacity
E) Tidal volume

Question 24

At a particular point in the circulation, the P _O2 of the blood is 104 mm Hg, and the P _CO2 is 40 mm Hg. Where is this location in the circulation?

A) Aorta and large arteries
B) Venules and large veins
C) Pulmonary arteries
D) Right atrium

Question 25

Following a forceful expiration, some air always remains in the lungs. What is this volume of air called?

A) Tidal volume
B) Vital capacity
C) Total lung capacity
D) Residual volume

Question 26

By what process does gas exchange occur?

A) Active transport
B) Osmosis
C) Diffusion
D) Endocytosis

Question 27

Given the following respiratory values, what is this patient's vital capacity (VC)?
Tidal volume = 550 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume = 2800 mL
Expiratory reserve volume = 1000 mL
Residual volume = 1000 mL

A) VC = 3350 mL
B) VC = 3800 mL
C) VC = 4350 mL
D) VC = 5350 mL

Question 28

After a full and complete inspiration, the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungsis called the __________.

A) expiratory reserve volume
B) residual volume
C) inspiratory reserve volume
D) vital capacity
E) tidal volume

Question 29

Which of the following adheres the visceral and parietal pleural membranes together?

A) Loose connective tissue
B) Serous fluid in the pleural cavity
C) Surfactant in the pleural cavity
D) Elastic connective tissue

Question 30

How is carbaminohemoglobin formed?

A) Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.
B) Carbon atoms bind to hemoglobin.
C) Carbonic anhydrase binds to hemoglobin.
D) Carbohydrates bind to hemoglobin.

Question 31

What structures form a respiratory membrane?

A) An alveolar wall, a bronchiolar wall, and their basement membranes
B) The vocal folds and the glottis between them
C) A capillary wall, an alveolar wall, and their basement membranes
D) The parietal pleura, the visceral pleura, and the serous fluid between them

Question 32

During __________, air movement is due to increased air pressure in the lungs.

A) expiration
B) inspiration

Question 33

The respiratory disease characterized by degeneration of alveolar walls is called __________.

A) pneumonia
B) pneumothorax
C) bronchitis
D) emphysema

Question 34

Given the following respiratory values, what is this patient's inspiratory capacity (IC)?
Tidal volume = 550 mL
Inspiratory reserve volume = 2800 mL
Vital capacity = 4500 mL
Residual volume = 1000 mL

A) IC = 2250 mL
B) IC = 3350 mL
C) IC = 3950 mL
D) IC = 5500 mL

Question 35

At the end of a quiet inspiration, an additional volume of air can be inhaled. What is this additional amount of air called?

A) Expiratory reserve volume
B) Residual volume
C) Inspiratory reserve volume
D) Vital capacity
E) Tidal volume

Question 36

What factor will cause an increase in breathing rate?

A) Decrease in blood P _CO2
B) Increase in blood P _CO2
C) Increase in blood pH
D) Increase in blood P _O2

Question 37

The chemical reaction between __________ is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.

A) carbon dioxide and water
B) carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ion
C) water and bicarbonate ion
D) carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion

Question 38

The condition in which outside air enters the pleural cavity is called __________.

A) pneumonia
B) pneumothorax
C) internal respiration
D) emphysema

Question 39

The P _CO2 of blood in systemic capillaries is __________ than the P _CO2 of the blood in pulmonary capillaries.

A) higher
B) lower

Question 40

The receptors for the inflation reflex are most sensitive to what type of stimulus?

A) Touch
B) Stretch
C) pH changes
D) Oxygen levels (P _O2) in alveoli

Question 41

The __________ respiratory group is responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing, stimulating the inspiratory muscles.

A) ventral
B) dorsal
C) pontine

Question 42

Brad suffers from anxiety attacks during which he hyperventilates and occasionally passes out. Why would he faint?

A) Elevated blood P _CO2 causes vasodilation of cerebral arterioles, leading to enhanced blood supply to areas of the brain.
B) Decreased blood P _CO2 causes vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles, leading to reduced blood supply to areas of the brain.
C) Increased P _O2 of blood causes vasoconstriction of cerebral arterioles, leading to reduced blood supply to areas of the brain.
D) Decreased P _O2 of blood causes vasodilation of cerebral arterioles, leading to enhanced blood supply to areas of the brain.

Question 43

An excessive increase in the rate and depth of breathing, resulting in a drop in P _CO2 below normal levels, is called __________.

Question 44

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A) 1-2% dissolved in plasma; 24% as carbaminohemoglobin; 75% as bicarbonate ion
B) 1-2% dissolved in plasma; 70% as carbaminohemoglobin; 28% as bicarbonate ion
C) 7% dissolved in plasma; 23% as carbaminohemoglobin; 70% as bicarbonate ion
D) 23% dissolved in plasma; 70% as carbaminohemoglobin; 7% as bicarbonate ion

Question 45

Cathy has been diagnosed with emphysema, a condition associated with destruction of alveolar walls. What effect would this anatomical change have on Cathy's respiratory function?

A) Decreased rate of gas exchange
B) Decreased ability to expand lungs and inspire
C) Increased tendency for alveolar collapse
D) Decreased movement of air into alveoli due to constriction of airways

Question 46

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A) 1-2% dissolved in plasma; 98-99% as oxyhemoglobin
B) 10-20% dissolved in plasma; 80-90% as oxyhemoglobin
C) 50% dissolved in plasma; 50% as oxyhemoglobin
D) 98-99% dissolved in plasma; 1-2% as oxyhemoglobin

Question 47

During inspiration, why does air move into the lungs?

A) The pressure inside the lungs has decreased below atmospheric pressure.
B) The pressure inside the lungs has increased above atmospheric pressure.
C) The increased pressure in the lungs has opened up collapsed airways, so air can flow in.
D) The space (volume) within the lungs has decreased, allowing air flow into the lungs.

Question 48

Advanced emphysema, involving the destruction of alveolar walls, results in difficulty exhaling. Why would this difficulty develop?

A) Loss of alveolar walls means loss of the elastic tissue that they contain; elastic recoil is decreased.
B) The expiratory muscles atrophy as the disease progresses.
C) The inflation reflex that assists in expiration becomes nonfunctional as the receptors are destroyed along with the alveolar wall tissue.
D) The accumulation of surfactant that occurs reduces the elastic recoil of the lung tissue.

Question 49

The layer of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of a lung is called the __________ pleura.

Question 50

Without surfactant, the surface tension within the alveoli of the lungs would cause __________.

A) collapse of alveoli
B) a drop in pressure within alveoli
C) over-inflation of alveoli
D) leakiness of the respiratory membrane

Question 51

What reaction occurs in the pulmonary capillaries?

A) H ⁺ + HCO ₃ ^- → H ₂CO ₃ → CO ₂ + H ₂O
B) CO ₂ + H ₂O → H ₂CO ₃ → H ⁺ + HCO ₃ ^-
C) H ⁺ + HCO ₃ ^- → CO ₂ + H ₂O → H ₂CO ₃
D) H ₂CO ₃ → H ⁺ + HCO ₃ ^- → CO ₂ + H ₂O

Question 52

Which respiratory pattern will increase the amount of fresh air entering the alveoli?

A) Slow, deep respirations
B) Rapid, shallow respirations

Question 53

The respiratory centers are located in the medulla oblongata and the __________ of the brainstem.

Question 54

The air around us is about __________% oxygen.

Question 55

In which situation would the respiratory centers stimulate an increase in ventilation?

A) Increased P _CO2 and decreased pH
B) Decreased P _CO2 and increased pH
C) Increased P _CO2 and increased P _O2
D) Decreased P _O2 and increased pH

Question 56

What is the pathway for airflow from the nasal cavity to the location of gas exchange within the lungs?

A) Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → bronchial tree → alveoli
B) Nasal cavity → larynx → pharynx → bronchial tree → alveoli
C) Nasal cavity → bronchial tree → pharynx → larynx → alveoli
D) Nasal cavity → larynx → bronchial tree→ pharynx → alveoli

Question 57

Within a mixture of gases, the pressure created by each gas is called its __________ pressure.

Question 58

An increase in blood P _CO2 results in a(n) __________ in pH.

A) increase
B) decrease