Deck 15: Digestion and Nutrition

Question 1

Peristalsis mixes food with digestive enzymes in small segments of the alimentary canal.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The gallbladder is connected to the bile duct by the hepatic duct.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Cholecystokinin, a hormone released from intestinal mucosa by the presence of fats, stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is the correct sequence for the layers within the wall of the alimentary canal from inside to outside?

A) Mucosa, muscularis, serosa, submucosa
B) Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
C) Serosa, muscularis, mucosa, submucosa
D) Submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis
E) Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Question 5

Because of their location, swollen palatine tonsils may interfere with what actions?

A) Chewing and swallowing
B) Breathing and chewing
C) Swallowing and breathing

Question 6

Bile salts function as digestive enzymes to break down fatty acids.

Question 7

The parotid gland differs from the submandibular and sublingual glands in that it secretes a clear fluid that is rich in amylase.

Question 8

The movement of chyme through the small intestine is increased by parasympathetic impulses and is inhibited by sympathetic impulses.

Question 9

Where does peristalsis occur in the digestive tract?

A) From the pharynx to the anus
B) In the stomach and small intestine only
C) In the small and large intestines only
D) In the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine only
E) In the rectum and anus only

Question 10

The entire alimentary canal runs between what two structures?

A) The mouth and the large intestine
B) The stomach and the small intestine
C) The liver and the gallbladder
D) The mouth and the anus
E) The anus and the pharynx

Question 11

Pancreatic acinar cells secrete pancreatic juice.

Question 12

What teeth are best adapted for biting off relatively large pieces of food?

A) Incisors
B) Canines
C) Bicuspids
D) Molars
E) Premolars

Question 13

What is the uvula?

A) A type of tooth
B) A projection of the soft palate
C) A part of the female reproductive system
D) A part of the tongue
E) A flap of tissue that keeps food from entering the respiratory system

Question 14

Food passing from the stomach through the small intestine first passes into the duodenum, then the jejunum, and lastly, the ileum.

Question 15

The cecum is located at the inferior end of the descending colon.

Question 16

Bile is composed of HCl, pepsin, mucus, and intrinsic factor.

Question 17

Lymph transports fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms away from the small intestine.

Question 18

Vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin, is destroyed by cooking.

Question 19

Sight or smell of food can stimulate salivation.

Question 20

Microorganisms promote the development of dental caries (cavities) by metabolizing carbohydrates and releasing by-products that are __________.

A) alkaline
B) acidic
C) toxic
D) electrolytes
E) monosaccharides

Question 21

Which constituent of bile has a digestive function?

A) Bile salts
B) Bile pigments
C) Cholesterol
D) Electrolytes
E) Glucose

Question 22

Severe liver damage would mainly affect digestion of what nutrient?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic acids
E) Vitamins

Question 23

Which of the following is a protein-splitting enzyme found in pancreatic juice?

A) Trypsin
B) Zymogen
C) Amylase
D) Nuclease
E) Pancreas

Question 24

Jaundice, which is characterized by a yellowish tinge to the tissues, is due to an increased blood concentration of __________.

A) cholesterol
B) bile pigments
C) carotene
D) hemoglobin A
E) glucose

Question 25

What is the function of gastrin, which is secreted by the stomach?

A) Inhibits the production of hydrochloric acid
B) Increases the secretion by the gastric glands
C) Changes pepsin into pepsinogen
D) Initiates the cephalic phase of digestion
E) Relaxes the stomach

Question 26

The greater omentum is composed of a portion of the __________ membrane.

A) peritoneal
B) pericardial
C) pleural
D) hiatal
E) cutaneous

Question 27

All of the enzymes that digest protein are secreted __________.

A) by the pancreas
B) with hydrochloric acid
C) in an inactive form
D) with bile
E) by the liver

Question 28

What is the function of the hormone secretin?

A) Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
B) Activates chymotrypsin
C) Stimulates the release of pancreatic juice high in bicarbonate ions
D) Inhibits the action of pancreatic lipase
E) Stimulates salivation

Question 29

Gallstones are usually composed of __________.

A) calcium salts
B) uric acid
C) cholesterol
D) bile pigments
E) electrolytes

Question 30

What does salivary amylase digest?

A) Carbohydrates
B) Proteins
C) Fats
D) Vitamins

Question 31

The epithelial cells that form the inner lining of the small intestine __________.

A) are replaced every few days
B) are not able to reproduce
C) are permanent parts of the villi
D) remain where they are first formed
E) differentiate into adipose cells

Question 32

What is the main part of the stomach called?

A) Fundus
B) Pylorus
C) Cardia
D) Body
E) Gastric region

Question 33

A hiatal hernia is due to a weakness in the __________.

A) abdominal wall
B) pelvic wall
C) diaphragm
D) stomach wall
E) thoracic wall

Question 34

What occurs in the swallowing reflex?

A) The soft palate, larynx, and hyoid bone are raised.
B) The uvula closes off the top of the trachea.
C) The tongue presses the epiglottis closed.
D) The muscle contraction increases pressure within the esophagus.
E) The sympathetic nervous system stimulates peristalsis.

Question 35

What is one of the major functions of the large intestine?

A) Secrete digestive enzymes
B) Reabsorb water from chyme
C) Regulate the release of bile
D) Break down hemoglobin
E) Digest alcohol

Question 36

What do the parietal cells of gastric glands secrete?

A) Mucus
B) Pepsinogen
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Pepsin
E) Gastrin

Question 37

What stimulates cholecystokinin secretion from the intestinal wall?

A) The presence of proteins in the stomach
B) The presence of carbohydrates and fatsin the small intestine
C) The presence of fats in the stomach
D) The presence of proteins and fatsin the small intestine
E) The presence of carbohydrates in the stomach

Question 38

Acute pancreatitis is often caused by the conversion of __________.

A) trypsin to trypsinogen
B) trypsinogen to trypsin
C) pepsin to pepsinogen
D) pepsinogen to pepsin
E) proinsulin to insulin

Question 39

What is a cause of lactose intolerance?

A) Deficiency of lactose
B) Deficiency of lactase
C) A lack of milk in the diet
D) A lack of a vitamin in the diet
E) An increase in dairy consumption

Question 40

What is a function of the liver?

A) Forms glucose from noncarbohydrates
B) Stores vitamin E
C) Produces red blood cells
D) Absorbs water
E) Converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 41

The American Heart Association recommends that the percentage of calories in a person's diet derived from fats should not exceed __________.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
E) 40%

Question 42

You are flipping through your instagram feed, which is full of pictures of food. Which of the following digestive processes did this most likely stimulate?

A) Salivation
B) Deglutition
C) Mastication
D) Defecation

Question 43

Which of the following is a good source of complex carbohydrates?

A) Leafy greens
B) Orange
C) Chicken breast
D) Peanuts
E) Milk

Question 44

What process must a cell perform to extract energy from proteins?

A) Deamination
B) Glycogenloysis
C) Beta oxidation
D) Glycogenesis

Question 45

Many vitamin supplements claim that they give you energy. This claim is most likely false because cells preferentially use __________ for energy.

A) carbohydrates
B) proteins
C) amino acids
D) minerals

Question 46

Plant proteins typically contain less than adequate amounts of __________.

A) essential amino acids
B) nonessential amino acids
C) dipeptides
D) polypeptides
E) glucose

Question 47

What is the condition that results from poor nutrition, lack of nutrients, or the failure to use them?

A) Malnutrition
B) Malabsorption
C) Food intolerance
D) Food allergy
E) Adequate nutrition

Question 48

Ashmi is 5'10" and weighs 160 pounds. According to the BMI chart, is she at a healthy weight?

A) Yes, she is at a healthy weight.
B) No, she is underweight.
C) No, she is overweight.
D) No, she is obese.

Question 49

All parts of the digestive tract have a mucosa layer. However, the appearance of the layer varies throughout the tract. Which of the following is a difference between the mucosa of the small and of the large intestines?

A) The mucosa of the small intestine has microvilli, and that of the large intestine does not.
B) The mucosa of the large intestine has goblet cells, and that of the small intestine does not.
C) The mucosa of the small intestine has simple columnar epithelium, and that of the large intestine does not.
D) The mucosa of the large intestine has larger circular folds, and that of the small intestine has a smooth wall.

Question 50

The parotid gland is located __________ and functions to __________.

A) on the side of the mouth; produce and secrete saliva
B) under the mandible; produce and secrete saliva
C) behind the stomach; produce and secrete digestive enzymes
D) under the liver; store and secrete bile
E) in the wall of the small intestine; produce and secrete mucus

Question 51

What happens during the defecation reflex?

A) The diaphragm lowers.
B) The glottis opens.
C) Abdominal-wall muscles relax.
D) Internal abdominal pressure decreases.
E) Peristaltic waves decrease.

Question 52

If you take a piece of white bread and chew it slowly for a long period of time, the flavor will become very sweet. This is due to the starch molecules in the bread being digested into smaller sugars that trigger a sweet sensation. Which substance is responsible for this breakdown?

A) Salivary amylase
B) Pepsin
C) Bicarbonate ion
D) Mucus

Question 53

The __________ is the layer of the alimentary-canal wall that absorbs nutrients.

A) serosa
B) submucosa
C) mucosa
D) muscular layer

Question 54

Loperamide is a medication used to slow and stop diarrhea. It inhibits nervous signalling to the large intestine, relaxing the smooth muscles within the intestinal wall and preventing intestinal contents from moving forward. What type of movement does loperamide prevent?

A) Mass movement
B) Deglutition
C) Mastication
D) Segmentation

Question 55

Which of the following phases of swallowing is voluntary?

A) The tongue pushing the bolus of the food towards the pharynx
B) The secretion of saliva rich in digestive enzymes by the parotid gland
C) The raising of the soft palate to cover the opening to the nasal cavity
D) The contraction of pharyngeal muscles to pull the pharynx towards the food
E) The peristaltic wave in the pharynx and esophagus to push the food towards the stomach

Question 56

Which of the following is stimulated by overdistention of the small-intestine wall?

A) Peristaltic rush
B) Segmentation
C) Release of secretin
D) Release of mucus

Question 57

A genetic mutation prevents the parietal cells of the gastric glands from secreting their typical products. What effect would this have on digestion within the stomach?

A) The stomach would not produce a protective mucus coating and would digest itself.
B) Somatostatin would be secreted, so all digestion would be halted.
C) Pepsinogen would not be secreted, so protein digestion would not occur within the stomach.
D) Hydrochloric acid would not be produced, so pepsinogen would not be activated to form pepsin.

Question 58

What regulates the release of pancreatic digestive secretions?

A) Bile salts in the duodenum
B) Cholesterol in the stomach
C) Cholecystokinin
D) Volume of food

Question 59

Muscle cramps can be due to an electrolyte imbalance between sodium and potassium. The imbalance can be a result of poor nutrition. What food could be added to the diet to raise these minerals?

A) Avocados
B) Oranges
C) Leafy greens
D) Milk

Question 60

Which of the following is a trace element?

A) Iron
B) Potassium
C) Magnesium
D) Folic acid

Question 61

Intrinsic factor is necessary for the normal absorption of vitamin __________ from the small intestine.

Question 62

The structure that is located between the pharynx and stomach is the __________.

Question 63

The __________ canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal.

Question 64

Bile breaks down fat globules by __________.

Question 65

The double-layered fold of peritoneum that suspends portions of the small intestine is called __________.

Question 66

The __________ sphincter is a valve that controls the movement of food between the stomach and small intestine.

Question 67

The vomiting center is located in the __________ portion of the brainstem.

Question 68

Fat molecules with longer chains of carbon atoms are transported away from the small intestine in fluid called ___________.

Question 69

Rough projections on the tongue that provide friction are called __________.

Question 70

The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the ___________ valve.

Question 71

The process of breaking down food into usable nutrients for absorption is called __________.