Deck 18: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

What role do the kidneys have in the regulation of the pH of body fluids?

A) Controlling the excretion of hydrogen ions
B) Controlling the conversion of acids to bases
C) Controlling the filtration of buffers
D) Controlling the reabsorption of carbon dioxide

Answer 1

Controlling the excretion of hydrogen ions

Question 2

The fluid contained in __________ is part of the fluid volume called transcellular fluid.

A) cells
B) blood vessels
C) lymphatic vessels
D) joint cavities
E) interstitial spaces

Answer 2

joint cavities

Question 3

By what means would a person in a moderate environment (temp. of 60-70 ^oF with low humidity) lose the greatest amount of water?

A) Sweating
B) Insensible perspiration
C) Urination
D) Breathing

Answer 3

Urination

Question 4

What change in fluid concentration leads to water intoxication?

A) Hypertonic extracellular fluid
B) Hypotonic extracellular fluid
C) Isotonic intracellular fluid
D) Hypertonic intracellular fluid

Question 5

What type of acid-base imbalance can result from prolonged diarrhea that causes excessive loss of intestinal secretions?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 6

Marielle is very thirsty following her tennis game. She drinks for a few minutes, then stops. What stimulus caused her to stop drinking?

A) Distension of herstomach
B) Hormones secreted by her stomach cells
C) Changes in herextracellular-fluid concentration
D) A signal from her brainstem

Question 7

Increased blood levels of the hormone ADH increases urine production.

Question 8

What type of acid-base imbalance can result from the obstruction of the airways?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a physiological buffer?

A) Bicarbonate buffer system
B) Phosphate buffer system
C) Protein/amino-acid buffer system
D) Respiratory system

Question 10

Fluid crosses boundaries between fluid compartments by what mechanisms?

A) Diffusion and osmosis
B) Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
C) Pinocytosis and phagocytosis
D) Active and passive transport

Question 11

Compared to intracellular fluid (ICF), what are the typical electrolyte levels in extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A) Higher sodium and lower potassium levels in ECF
B) Higher sodium and higher potassium levels in ECF
C) Lower sodium and lower potassium levels in ECF
D) Lower sodium and higher potassium levels in ECF

Question 12

By what mechanism do acid/base buffer systems minimize pH changes?

A) By converting weak bases to strong bases
B) By converting strong acids to weak acids
C) By increasing the respiratory rate
D) By promoting the renal excretion of hydrogen ions

Question 13

The breakdown of glucose, the incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, and the breakdown of nucleic acids have what in common?

A) Release of hydrogen ions
B) Release of sodium ions
C) Release of hydroxide ions
D) Release of oxygen

Question 14

Which of the following contains the greatest percentage of total body water?

A) Transcellular fluid
B) Blood
C) Extracellular fluid
D) Intracellular fluid

Question 15

The average adult female body contains relatively more __________ and less __________ than the average adult male body.

A) water; adipose tissue
B) water; muscle tissue
C) adipose tissue; water
D) muscle tissue; water

Question 16

Any factor that alters water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

Question 17

What is the function of the hormone aldosterone?

A) Promotes reabsorption of sodium from renal tubules
B) Promotes secretion of sodium into renal tubules
C) Promotes reabsorption of potassium from renal tubules
D) Promotes secretion of calcium into renal tubules

Question 18

What type of acid-base imbalance can result from hyperventilation?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 19

Where are the osmoreceptors that trigger thirst located?

A) Thalamus
B) Hypothalamus
C) Midbrain
D) Medulla oblongata

Question 20

How does drinking alcohol produce its diuretic effect?

A) By inhibiting the release of ADH
B) By promoting the release of ADH
C) By inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium
D) By promoting the reabsorption of sodium

Question 21

Water intoxication is associated with a(n) __________ plasma concentration of sodium.

A) decreased
B) increased

Question 22

What type of acid-base imbalance can develop when a patient with diabetes mellitus is converting fatty acids to ketone bodies?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 23

Liver disease often results in the reduced production of plasma proteins. What effect will the resulting hypoproteinemia (low protein in the blood) have on fluid distribution in the body?

A) Fluid shifts out of the blood into the interstitial fluid, causing edema.
B) Fluid is pulled into the blood from the interstitial fluid, causing an increased blood pressure due to increased blood volume.
C) Fluid shifts from the intracellular fluid into the interstitial fluid, causing edema.

Question 24

After working in her yard on a hot afternoon, Caroline has become dehydrated. As a result of the altered plasma-solute concentration, fluids will shift between compartments. Which of the following would occur?

A) Fluid shifts from the extracellular compartment to the intracellular comparartment.
B) Fluid shifts from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular comparartment.

Question 25

An increase in potassium concentration in the blood will stimulate the release of __________.

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) bicarbonate ion
D) parathyroid hormone

Question 26

The aerobic metabolism of glucose produces __________ acid, and the anaerobic metabolism of glucose produces __________ acid.

A) carbonic; lactic
B) lactic; phosphoric
C) lactic; carbonic
D) phosphoric; carbonic

Question 27

What is the function of the class of compounds called diuretics?

A) Increase urine output
B) Decrease urine output
C) Increase blood pH
D) Decrease blood pH

Question 28

As body cells increase their carbon-dioxide production, the pH of the blood will __________.

A) decrease
B) increase
C) not be changed

Question 29

What type of compound will release the most hydrogen ions in a solution?

A) Strong acid
B) Weak acid
C) Srong base
D) Weak base

Question 30

The phosphate buffer system helps regulate pH within cells. If too much hydrogen ion is released within the cell reducing the pH, what reaction will occur?

A) HPO ₄ ^-2 + H ⁺ → H ₂PO ₄ ^-
B) HPO ₄ ^-2 → H ₂PO ₄ ^- + H ⁺
C) H ⁺ → H ₂PO ₄ ^- + HPO ₄ ^-2
D) H ₂PO ₄ ^- → HPO ₄ ^-2 + H ⁺

Question 31

A decrease in plasma calcium ion concentration stimulates the release of __________.

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) bicarbonate ion
D) parathyroid hormone

Question 32

What type of acid-base imbalance can result from the ingestion of too muchsodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 33

When water output exceeds water intake, what condition develops?

A) Dehydration
B) Water intoxication
C) Alkalosis
D) Acidosis

Question 34

Within the blood, the presence of plasma proteins creates __________, which causes fluid to move from __________.

A) colloid osmotic pressure; the interstitial fluid into the blood
B) colloid osmotic pressure; the blood into the interstitial fluid
C) hydrostatic pressure; the interstitial fluid into the blood
D) hydrostatic pressure; the blood into the interstitial fluid

Question 35

The hormone called __________, secreted by the __________, regulates the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in extracellular fluid.

A) aldosterone; adrenal cortex
B) aldosterone; hypothalamus
C) antidiuretic hormone; hypothalamus
D) antidiuretic hormone; adrenal cortex

Question 36

In the bicarbonate buffer system, which compound is the base?

A) Bicarbonate ion
B) Carbonic acid
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Hydrogen ion

Question 37

What type of acid-base imbalance can result from prolonged vomiting in which only the stomach contents are lost?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 38

In the phosphate buffer system, which compound is the acid?

A) Monohydrogen phosphate
B) Dihydrogen phosphate

Question 39

Which condition would trigger thirst?

A) Increased plasma-solute concentration
B) Decreased plasma-solute concentration

Question 40

Gerald just finished playing a couple of games of pick-up basketball in the park and has become dehydrated. In addition to triggering thirst, how else might his body respond to reestablish homeostasis?

A) Reduce secretion of ADH
B) Increase secretion of ADH

Question 41

What effect does metabolic acidosis have on respiration?

A) Increases respiratory rate
B) Decreases respiratory rate

Question 42

The __________ groups of amino acids and proteins can release hydrogen ions.

Question 43

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the effect of __________ hormone on the renal tubules.

Question 44

The primary regulator of water intake is the mechanism of __________.

Question 45

Substances that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions are called __________.

Question 46

With which situation will the kidneys increase their excretion of hydrogen ions?

A) Acidosis
B) Alkalosis

Question 47

Typically, the greatest loss of fluid and electrolytes occurs as a result of the function of the __________.