Deck 7: Policing and Juveniles

Question 1

The traditional rule governing the taking of fingerprints and photographs of youths taken into custody was:

A)They could be taken only under a felony charge
B)They could be taken whenever a child was arrested
C)They were traditionally prohibited
D)Fingerprinting was always permitted

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following would not be considered an example of community policing?

A)Community meetings
B)Restorative justice conferences
C)Programs to put more police on the streets
D)"RAPP" houses where police can talk with juveniles

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following can lead to the use of excessive force against juveniles?

A)Stereotyping
B)Police demeanor
C)Being out late
D)All of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In Tennessee v.Garner et al, the Supreme Court ruled:

A)Police may shoot any "fleeing felon," even non-dangerous ones
B)Police may shoot only those escaping felons who pose a threat to the officer or to others
C)Police may shoot only those escaping felons who use a weapon to threaten or assault the officer(s)
D)None of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is a predictor of less positive attitudes toward police?

A)Being elderly
B)Being white
C)Vicarious conduct (witnessing disrespectful interaction)
D)None of the above

Question 6

The key focus of "broken windows" policing is on:

A)Disorder
B)Street crime
C)Drug crimes
D)Community problem solving

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true about restorative justice conferences?

A)Conferences include supporters of both the offender and the victim
B)Agreements often include restitution and/or community service
C)Conferences are facilitated by the judge
D)Evaluations have found significantly less recidivism among offenders

Question 8

When considering whether to interrogate a youth, police must:

A)Obtain the permission of a parent
B)Have an attorney present
C)Consider the age of the child
D)None of the above

Question 9

When taking a child into custody, which of the following is not a requirement for their holding?

A)Physical separation from adults
B)Visual separation from adults
C)Aural separation from adults
D)All of the above are required

Question 10

According to the text, which of the following was a problem with the professional crime fighter model of policing?

A)It did not have as much impact on crime as expected
B)Rapid response to crime calls did not prove to be effective in reducing crime
C)Many calls to the police do not involve crime matters
D)All of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a possible reason cited in the text for the overall crime decline that started in the 1990s?

A)Changes in policing involving targeting disorder that is believed to cause crime
B)Technological and cultural changes resulting in less unfilled time in youth lives
C)Increases in imprisonment for over 20 years
D)Broader trends unrelated to police/incarceration/justice tactics

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of police discretion on how juveniles are handled?

A)Released youths will not have a prior record
B)Released youths will not have the previous delinquent act held against him/her
C)Any racial or other bias into these decisions may have serious effects on later decisions by police, prosecutors, and judges
D)None of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a reason given for youths to confess falsely?

A)To be released into parental custody
B)Being threatened
C)Experiencing force
D)A desire to please or trust authority figures

Question 14

According to statistics in the text for the year 2015, approximately ________ youths were arrested for murder.

A)500
B)800
C)1,280
D)3,790

Question 15

According to the Supreme Court, a juvenile suspect can:

A)Waive their privilege against self-incrimination
B)Waive the right to consult with an attorney
C)Both a and b
D)Neither a or b

Question 16

Approximately ________ of youths taken into custody are referred to juvenile court.

A)31%
B)42%
C)59%
D)80%

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an example of disorder?

A)Prostitutes
B)"Winos"
C)"Squeegee men"
D)Subway/metro buskers

Question 18

When police exercise considerable discretion and decide whether a juvenile is processed or not, they are operating as ______________ in/to the juvenile justice system.

A)Child protectors
B)Decision-makers
C)Caretakers
D)Gatekeepers

Question 19

In recent years, approximately how many people are victims of justifiable homicide by law enforcement each year?

A)150
B)700
C)1,000
D)400

Question 20

In 2015, there were approximately _________ arrests of persons under age 18.

A)484,300
B)662,900
C)709,000
D)1.3 million

Question 21

A meta-analysis concluded minority suspects are _____ more likely to be arrested than white suspects.

A)12%
B)68%
C)54%
D)30%

Question 22

The outcome of differential decision-making is often called:

A)Disproportionate minority contact
B)Driving while black
C)Cultural exclusion
D)All of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT used by police to combat underage alcohol sales?

A)Cops in Shops
B)Cops against Hops
C)Compliance checks
D)All of the above

Question 24

School Resource Officers are involved in all of the following except:

A)Law enforcement
B)Chaperoning events
C)Teaching classes
D)They are involved in all of the above

Question 25

By 2013-2014, what percent of schools had either security guards or police officers on the premises?

A)30%
B)50%
C)67%
D)None of the above

Question 26

Police question juvenile suspects differently as they may feel less free in interrogation situations than adults.

Question 27

According to Skogan and Hartnett, citizens should expect that about ____ of efforts police undertake to improve or change will be effective.

A)25%
B)33%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 28

According to the text, the most reasonable conclusion about the effectiveness of juvenile curfew laws is that such laws:

A)Have no impact on crime
B)Have major impact on a few crimes
C)Have major impact on most crimes
D)None of the above

Question 29

According to the text, juvenile curfew laws can be related to:

A)Panacea phenomenon
B)Community policing
C)Problem solving policing
D)All of the above

Question 30

A recent Midwestern study found an overall sales rate of alcohol to youths under age 21 at:

A)88%
B)45%
C)26%
D)13%

Question 31

In looking at police effectiveness, which of the following efforts has research shown is NOT effective?

A)Problem-solving approaches
B)Professional policing
C)Pulling levers strategies
D)Hot spots policing

Question 32

Police actions that have the potential to cause the death of the offender are called deadly force.

Question 33

The creation of barriers between police and citizens through the limiting of interaction is a problem cited with the professional policing model.

Question 34

All states require that youth fingerprints and photographs be destroyed within 30 days unless the youth has been adjudicated delinquent for a violent misdemeanor or felony.

Question 35

Which of the following is a practice cited in the text as a factor in the school-to-prison pipeline?

A)School Resource Officers
B)Zero tolerance policies
C)Both a and b
D)None of the above

Question 36

According to the text, for most of the twentieth century, the police role was that of professional crime fighter.

Question 37

The professional policing model is synonymous with the 911 model.

Question 38

According to Albert Reiss, __________ are the most likely targets of abusive language from police.

A)Minorities
B)Teens
C)Women
D)Derelicts (winos and panhandlers)

Question 39

According to the text, a major problem with involving police in probation supervision is:

A)Lack of legal standing
B)Mission distortion
C)Lack of respect for the police
D)Police-probation antagonism

Question 40

Research has shown that quick response to crime calls reduces crime.

Question 41

According to the text, two-thirds (67%) of African-Americans rate the honesty and ethical standards of police as high or very high.

Question 42

Lower-class youths have little faith in the police and often rely on self-protection.

Question 43

Legally, police may shoot any fleeing felons.

Question 44

Restorative justice conferences in Indianapolis were well liked but had no impact on recidivism.

Question 45

Anchorage, Alaska's use of police to enhance probation supervision resulted in lower criminal recidivism by the juvenile probationers.

Question 46

The use of force by police against youths is a very rare occurrence.

Question 47

According to the text, one problem with juvenile curfew laws is that they do not affect a time of high criminal activity: afternoons.

Question 48

More than one-half of all Americans rate the honesty and ethical standards of the police as high or very high.

Question 49

Part of community policing can be community meetings between citizens and police.

Question 50

The school-to-prison pipeline is a combination of factors that appear to criminalize much youthful behavior and facilitate the eventual placement of youths in prisons.

Question 51

Compliance checks use undercover cops to cite youths trying to purchase alcohol illegally.

Question 52

Studies have found that School Resource Officers improve school safety.

Question 53

One issue with intensive supervision is that it translates into increased monitoring and detection of technical violations or, more probation violation.

Question 54

Studies show that factors like a youth's neighborhood and demeanor can bring in race as an indirect influence on decisions.

Question 55

When probation officers no longer see themselves as service providers or social workers but instead over-identify with a law enforcement role it is termed mission distortion.

Question 56

In general, citizens actually hold positive attitudes toward the police.

Question 57

Boston's Operation Ceasefire is an example of problem-solving policing.

Question 58

New York City's stop, question, and frisk actions are an example of professional policing.

Question 59

Community policing, problem-solving policing, and problem-oriented policing are three related but distinctly different policing models.

Question 60

The idea that minorities are more likely to be arrested or adjudicated delinquent compared to their proportion of the population is called disproportionate minority contact.