Deck 3: Explaining Delinquency: Biological and Psychological Approaches

Question 1

The idea that an individual can make decisions based only on the available choices is called:

A)Hedonistic calculus
B)Classicism
C)Soft determinism
D)Positivism

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The term atavistic means:

A)Ape-like
B)Biologically criminal
C)Unpremeditated
D)Evolutionarily slow

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The theory that deviant acts were the result of the battle between good and evil is called:

A)Spiritualistic explanation
B)Demonologic explanation
C)Satanic explanation
D)Both a and b

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A statistical technique using data from a number of studies to compute a common statistic in order to compare results across studies is called:

A)Meta-analysis
B)Analytical concordance
C)Comparison analysis
D)Meta-statistics

Question 5

Which somatotype did Sheldon determine as more likely to commit delinquent acts?

A)Endomorphic
B)Mesomorphic
C)Ectomorphic
D)Ectoplasmic

Question 6

Who posited that offenders are throwbacks to an earlier stage of human development?

A)Bentham
B)Lombroso
C)Darwin
D)Goring

Question 7

Which of the following is true about biological and sociobiological theories?

A)They are primarily Positivistic
B)They are among the earliest theories
C)They assume that if biology can dictate physicality, it can also influence behavior
D)All of the above

Question 8

Soft determinism is also called:

A)Classicism
B)Positivism
C)Hedonistic calculus
D)Neoclassicism

Question 9

Which question does theory attempt to answer?

A)How?
B)Why?
C)When?
D)What?

Question 10

Which school of thought posits that individuals make a conscious, rational decision to commit crime expecting a pleasurable outcome?

A)Positivism
B)Classicism
C)Neoclassicism
D)Soft determinism

Question 11

Which school of thought believes humans are hedonistic?

A)Positivism
B)Classicism
C)Neoclassicism
D)Soft determinism

Question 12

What are somatotypes?

A)Blood types used to identify criminal tendencies
B)Specific chromosomal disorders causing deviance
C)Deviance categories based on skull size
D)Body types used to categorize temperaments

Question 13

What is hedonistic calculus?

A)Choosing behavior after calculating an activity's pros and cons
B)The theory that behavior is predetermined and calculated by preceding events or natural laws
C)The belief that individuals seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
D)None of the above

Question 14

Twin studies claim ______________ in behavior for monozygotic (identical) twins than for dizygotic (fraternal) twins or common siblings.

A)Greater concordance
B)Less concordance
C)Less similarity
D)More environmental influences

Question 15

This school of thought believes behavior is determined by factors beyond the individual's control and that changing behavior requires identifying and eliminating factors:

A)Positivism
B)Classicism
C)Neoclassicism
D)Soft determinism

Question 16

Which of the following studied observable physical features of offenders?

A)Physiognomy
B)Phrenology
C)Darwinology
D)Both a and b

Question 17

Which is NOT true about adoption studies?

A)Assumes any similarity is genetic due to differing environments
B)Supports a genetic link to behavior
C)Shows criminal behavior is inherited
D)None of the above

Question 18

Under the belief that deviant acts resulted from the battle between good and evil, individuals who committed crimes were:

A)Possessed by the devil and in need of exorcism by any means necessary
B)Best dealt with by the clergy to reaffirm faith in God
C)Doomed to hell without confession and repentance
D)All of the above

Question 19

Who is considered the father of modern criminology?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Cesare Bonesana Marchese de Beccaria
C)Cesare Lombroso
D)Jeremy Bentham

Question 20

Those who saw the solution to crime as setting clear laws and punishments to inform and deter deviant behavior rather than retaliate were called:

A)Classicists
B)Positivists
C)Neoclassicists
D)Determinists

Question 21

Which best summarizes the relationship between hormones and deviance?

A)Hormones are directly related to specific incidences of deviant behavior
B)Hormones cause aggression which is necessary for deviance
C)Hormones are involved in behavior and are triggered by the environment, so are neither necessary nor sufficient for deviance
D)The environment causes deviance, hormones have no impact on deviant behavior

Question 22

Which of the following is actual, conscious behavior and social identity?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)None of the above

Question 23

Which of the following reflects unconscious desires, drives, and instincts?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)None of the above

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a distinctive characteristic of psychological explanations?

A)They search for physiological bases for aberrant behavior
B)Focus mainly on early life experiences
C)Highly individualistic
D)Treatment oriented in that they assist in overcoming already existing problems

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true about psychoanalysis?

A)Posits that much of displayed behavior is caused by unconscious, instinctual factors
B)The id, ego, and superego are the personality parts involved in behavior
C)Goal is to identify unconscious factors and develop conscious methods to deal with them
D)Deviance is solely the direct result of ignoring unconscious desires

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT true of Monoamine Oxidase A?

A)It alters possible reactions by facilitating or inhibiting the transfer of information between neurons
B)It is clearly associated with criminality and delinquency
C)It is a gene that can impact response to stimuli
D)It is the cause of ADHD

Question 27

The theory that individuals progress through six stages of "moral development" which are arranged into three levels (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional [principled]) was created by:

A)Sullivan et al.
B)Freud
C)Kohlberg
D)Lombroso

Question 28

The ___________ is the attempt to satisfy the ___________ while abiding by the ___________.

A)Superego, ego, id
B)Id, ego, superego
C)Ego, id, superego
D)Ego, superego, id

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a belief of learning theories?

A)Learning is cumulative
B)The individual is solely the product of their environment
C)Learning occurs quickly
D)Failure to complete a developmental stage may be due to a problem in the learning process

Question 30

Research shows which of the following correlates with delinquent or criminal behavior?

A)Alcohol
B)Drugs
C)Sugar
D)All of the above

Question 31

The idea that drugs have a direct causal impact on crime by inducing the user to act out in a certain way is called:

A)Systemic explanation
B)Psychopharmacological perspective
C)Behavioral pharmacology
D)None of the above

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true about neurotransmitters?

A)They are chemicals involved in the transmission of electrical impulses through the nervous system which are capable of altering an individual's behavior
B)They can be altered purposely with drugs or inadvertently with alcohol and other substances
C)Different neurotransmitters are related to deviance
D)None of the above

Question 33

What is the continuum that reflects the progressive development of social and interpersonal skills and maturity called?

A)Social Maturity Levels
B)Interpersonal Maturity Levels
C)Developmental Maturity Levels
D)Progressive Maturity Levels

Question 34

Which of the following is true about a low resting heart rate?

A)It is a symptom of reactive hypoglycemia
B)It has a strong relationship with anti-social behavior
C)It is a psychopharmacological reaction to certain illegal drugs
D)All of the above

Question 35

The simplest form of learning that entails copying the behavior of others is called:

A)Mimicking
B)Modeling
C)Replication
D)Simon says

Question 36

Chemicals introduced to the body or altered through diet or other influences are called:

A)Hormones
B)Orthomolecular factors
C)Reactive hypoglycemia
D)Disinhibitors

Question 37

The idea that the biological makeup of an organism and the surrounding environment are intimately related and constantly shape each other is called:

A)Biosociology
B)Sociobiology
C)Both a and b
D)Neither a or b

Question 38

Which of the following can provide information on brain functioning?

A)MRI
B)PET scan
C)EEG
D)All of the above

Question 39

Which of the following increases adrenaline?

A)Androgen
B)Epinephrine
C)Norepinephrine
D)None of the above

Question 40

Which of the following includes learned values and morals outlining what is or is not acceptable behavior?

A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)None of the above

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an implication of psychological explanations for juvenile justice?

A)The greatest impact is in corrections due to an emphasis on counseling, rehabilitation, and education
B)Identifying the cause of an individual's behavior fits juvenile justice's treatment orientation
C)The predictive ability of psychological explanations assist in identifying at-risk youths
D)None of the above

Question 42

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that inhibits aggressive and impulsive behavior.

Question 43

Phrenology is the study of facial features.

Question 44

While biological factors often play a minor role in behavior, the environment is a key factor in understanding crime and delinquency.

Question 45

Antisocial Personality Disorder is a mental health condition characterized by which of the following?

A)A long-term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others
B)A long-term pattern of withdrawing, avoiding, or drawing anxiety from spending time with others
C)A long-term pattern of committing significant taboo behavior to the alienation of self from others
D)All of the above

Question 46

Norepinephrine is a hormone that increases heart rates and energy levels.

Question 47

Studies of genetics and behavior find that there is a degree of heritability in behavior, including factors leading to deviant behavior.

Question 48

There is no association between monoamine oxidase A and delinquency.

Question 49

Classicism takes a more scientific approach than other schools of thought by utilizing a medical model.

Question 50

Monoamine oxidase A is a transporter gene.

Question 51

Classicism emphasizes the offense and legal system while Positivism emphasizes the offender and unique situation.

Question 52

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) uses over ________ questions to uncover personality traits, including deviance.

A)200
B)300
C)400
D)500

Question 53

Under biosociology, deviance occurs when specific biological conditions coincide with appropriate sociological or environmental factors.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT true about intelligence quotient?

A)It is the numerical representation of an individual's mental ability
B)It is determined by a standardized test geared toward different aged individuals
C)It was developed in the early 1900s by Albert Einstein
D)Assumes delinquency and deviance are related to low IQ because most offenders tend to display below average achievement test scores

Question 55

The current dominant approach in juvenile justice is Neoclassicism.

Question 56

Studies of the nature-nurture controversy support which of the following?

A)The nature argument
B)The idea that IQ is strongly related to deviant and criminal behavior
C)The idea that a low IQ is an indirect cause of deviant behavior
D)All of the above

Question 57

Determinism posits that behavior is caused by factors beyond an individual's control.

Question 58

Free will posits that people choose to act the way that they do after calculating the pros and cons of an activity.

Question 59

Which of the following is true about operant conditioning?

A)Utilizes a simple system of rewards and punishments
B)Learning occurs following negative responses (punishments)
C)Actions that result in a pleasurable response (positive reinforcer) or that eliminate painful or unpleasant situations (negative reinforcer) will be repeated
D)All of the above

Question 60

Neoclassicism and Positivism comprise criminology's two main schools of thought.

Question 61

The psychoanalytic approach was pioneered by Sigmund Freud.

Question 62

Low intelligence has been thought to be a prime cause of deviant behavior.

Question 63

Operant conditioning is the reinforcement of behavior through a complex system of rewards.

Question 64

The question of whether deviance is inherited or an outcome of environmental influences is called the nature-nurture controversy.

Question 65

Attempts like the MMPI to identify antisocial personalities are successful in predicting and/or explaining deviance prior to its occurrence.

Question 66

Developmental approaches posit that deviance is caused by interrupted or arrested development.