Deck 4: Sociological Explanations of Delinquency

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT necessary for the commission of a crime under routine activities theory?

A)A suitable target
B)Motivated offender
C)Accessible weapon
D)Absence of capable guardianship

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which theory posits that offenders make choices of if, when, and where to commit a crime based on presented opportunities?

A)Routine Activities Theory
B)Rational Choice Theory
C)General Strain Theory
D)Criminal Choice Theory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a primary source of collective efficacy?

A)Private
B)Parochial
C)Pastoral
D)Public

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The attribution of results based on group data to individuals is called:

A)Economic fallacy
B)Individualistic fallacy
C)Collective bias
D)Ecological fallacy

Question 5

In which subcultural theory does failure to succeed in terms of middle-class values result in diminished self-worth and acting in concert with subcultural groups and norms instead of larger culture mandates?

A)Lower Class Gang Delinquency
B)Lower Class Focal Concerns
C)Techniques of Neutralization
D)None of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to the learning process?

A)With whom an individual has contact
B)What the individual observes
C)The individual's intelligence quotient
D)The consequences of one's behavior

Question 7

Which theory holds that deviance is a direct result of a social structure that stresses achievement but fails to provide adequate, legitimate means of succeeding?

A)Stress theory
B)Strain theory
C)Success theory
D)None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is a criticism of rational choice theory?

A)Unable to explain impulsive acts and actions in clearly high-risk settings
B)Important decision-making factors can vary greatly based on the situation
C)Poses a juvenile justice conundrum in that youths are assumed not to have the capacity to make truly informed decisions and yet the theory claims they make rational choices
D)All of the above

Question 9

Those who act in a certain way are in a subculture, which is why they act that way is an example of:

A)How subcultures are identified
B)Tautological reasoning
C)One critique of subcultural theories
D)All of the above

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the Lower Class Gang Delinquency subculture?

A)Malicious
B)Negativistic
C)Nonutilitarian
D)None of the above

Question 11

The most prevalent explanations of delinquent behavior are:

A)Psychological
B)Sociological
C)Biological
D)None of the above

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT true about the Chicago School?

A)Also known as the ecological perspective
B)Identified concentric zones in cities with the inner zone being the poorest and subsequent zones being more affluent and stable
C)Criminal activity migrated to more affluent areas where crime would yield more worthwhile results
D)Earliest perspective to gain importance in criminology

Question 13

Which of the following focal concerns refers to the idea that lower-class individuals are oriented around short-term hedonistic desires?

A)Trouble
B)Toughness
C)Excitement
D)Fate

Question 14

What is the term for the state of a community in which the people in that community are unable to exert control over those living there?

A)Social disorganization
B)Community disorganization
C)Control disorganization
D)Conflict disorganization

Question 15

Which of the following notes that learned behavior does not necessary require personal association but that role-playing based on real and fictional presentations in the media may also provide information concerning acceptable behavior?

A)Differential association
B)Differential identification
C)Differential reinforcement
D)None of the above

Question 16

If reasoning is circular, it is termed:

A)Solipsistic
B)Redundant
C)Tautological
D)Superfluous

Question 17

Which of the following proposes that an individual can learn from a variety of sources, both social and nonsocial, and that the differing levels of desirable outcomes received will help shape future behavior?

A)Differential association
B)Differential identification
C)Differential reinforcement
D)None of the above

Question 18

In subculture theories, delinquency and criminality are the result of:

A)Attempting to act in accordance to subculture norms
B)Subcultural mandates possibly being deviant to the larger society
C)Frustration at the inability to join or assimilate into new cultural expectations
D)All of the above

Question 19

Which of the following allows youths to violate the law while maintaining a positive self-image as a conforming member of society?

A)Lower Class Gang Delinquency
B)Lower Class Focal Concerns
C)Techniques of Neutralization
D)None of the above

Question 20

Sykes and Matza identify how many techniques of neutralization?

A)Four
B)Five
C)Seven
D)Nine

Question 21

In which mode of adaptation does delinquency appear?

A)Innovation
B)Retreatism
C)Rebellion
D)All of the above

Question 22

Which of the following is the primary source of self-control?

A)Schools
B)Social institutions
C)Good parenting
D)All of the above

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conforming to a deviant label?

A)Participation in conventional activity is difficult because society expects and reacts to them as a deviant, regardless of specific behavior
B)The impact of negative feedback by society is blunted in that the individual is not affected by what they already know and accept
C)To strike out against those condemning them: "I'll show you just how bad I can be"
D)None of the above

Question 24

Which of the following states that "delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken?"

A)Containment Theory
B)Hirschi's Control Theory
C)Self-Control Theory
D)None of the above

Question 25

Social bond is developed in early childhood and consists of all the following elements EXCEPT:

A)Attachment
B)Commitment
C)Inspiration
D)Belief

Question 26

General Strain Theory suggests strain can arise from:

A)The loss of things an individual values
B)Being treated in a negative manner
C)Both a and b
D)Neither a nor b

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a mode of adaptation?

A)Innovation
B)Retrospectivism
C)Retreatism
D)Rebellion

Question 28

Which of the following postulates that shaming is key to showing societal disapproval and needs to be imposed in such a way as to draw the offending party into conforming society?

A)Retributive shaming
B)Reintegrative shaming
C)Reparative shaming
D)Reinclusive shaming

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a force that promotes deviance as an acceptable, viable form of behavioral response:

A)Internal pushes
B)Internal pulls
C)External pressures
D)External pulls

Question 30

Which of the following theories holds that behavior is controlled by factors an individual internalizes early in life and can constrain a person from involvement in deviant behavior?

A)Containment Theory
B)Hirschi's Control Theory
C)Self-Control Theory
D)None of the above

Question 31

The process through which an individual creates his or her self-image through interaction with the outside world is called:

A)Modeling
B)Role-taking
C)Symbolic interactionism
D)Identification interactionism

Question 32

Which of the following holds that there are factors that promote conformity as well as forces promoting deviance?

A)Containment Theory
B)Hirschi's Control Theory
C)Self-Control Theory
D)None of the above

Question 33

Internalized moral codes, tolerance of frustration, etc.that help an individual refrain from deviance are called:

A)Outer containment
B)Inner containment
C)Both a and b
D)Neither a or b

Question 34

Which mode of adaptation is the most common?

A)Conformity
B)Innovation
C)Ritualism
D)None of the above

Question 35

The most well-known social control theory is:

A)Containment Theory
B)Hirschi's Control Theory
C)Self-Control Theory
D)None of the above

Question 36

When an individual uses deviant behavior as a means of defense, attack, or adjustment to the overt and covert problems created by the consequent societal reaction to him or her, it is called:

A)Primary deviance
B)Secondary deviance
C)Defense deviance
D)Reactive deviance

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Hirschi's Control Theory?

A)Does not adequately address why individuals are deviant
B)Cannot explain how to avoid a bond's weakening or how to repair a bond
C)Cannot explain the fact that many youths drift between delinquency and conformity
D)Assumes all bonding is to conventional, non-deviant lifestyles

Question 38

Who took anomie and expanded it into strain theory?

A)Sykes and Matza
B)Shaw and McKay
C)Merton
D)Agnew

Question 39

The focus of shaming includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A)The negative action
B)The needs of the victim and community
C)The needs of the offender
D)A shared response to make things better

Question 40

Which of the following proposes that being characterized as deviant by social control agents forces the person to act accordingly with continued deviance is a response to the actions of society?

A)Branding Theory
B)Labeling Perspective
C)Associative Behavior Explanations
D)Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Question 41

Lower Class Focal Concerns are specific to lower class juvenile males.

Question 42

Which of the following incorporates ideas from several theories and perspectives to explain criminality over time?

A)Life-course theories
B)Developmental theories
C)Reintegrative shaming
D)Both a and b

Question 43

Modes of adaptation are ways an individual may respond to the strain between goals and means.

Question 44

Social control theories seek factors keeping an individual from becoming deviant.

Question 45

Unlike biological and sociological theories, psychological theories are empirically testable.

Question 46

Strain Theory posits that the removal of valued stimuli or the presentation of negative stimuli can lead to strain and, perhaps, deviance.

Question 47

General Strain Theory opens Strain Theory to include many more causes of strain than just social structure and misalignment of goals and means.

Question 48

The Chicago School is a perspective explaining deviance as the natural outgrowth of the location in which it occurs.

Question 49

Which of the following often include biological inputs?

A)Rational choice theory
B)Developmental theories
C)Reintegrative shaming
D)None of the above

Question 50

Family, friends, and teachers are examples of inner containment.

Question 51

Deviant peers, subcultures, and media are all examples of external pressures.

Question 52

Anomie is defined as the state of normlessness in society.

Question 53

When one set of cultural or subcultural practices necessitates violating the norms of a coexisting culture it is termed co-cultural conflict.

Question 54

Which perspective takes components of various theories in order to construct a single explanation that incorporates the best parts of the individual theories?

A)Integration model
B)Unification model
C)Elaboration model
D)None of the above

Question 55

Vertical integration is the ability to garner the public support necessary for effective delinquency control.

Question 56

The reason for higher delinquency and crime in the city center, according to Shaw and McKay, is constant resident turnover causing social disorganization.

Question 57

Differential association theorizes that criminal behavior is learned when an individual encounters an excess of definitions favoring deviant definitions over those that conform to the law.

Question 58

It is important to address an individual's single most difficult cause of strain to eliminate deviant activity.

Question 59

Differential reinforcement utilizes operant conditioning to explain learned behavior.

Question 60

In the theory of Lower Class Focal Concerns, deviant behavior is simply a by-product of following the subcultural norms.

Question 61

Once self-control is internalized, it serves to modify an individual's behavior throughout childhood and adolescence.

Question 62

The term looking-glass self refers to the idea that individuals view themselves in the way others look at them.

Question 63

Bond to society is defined as the connections an individual has to the conventional social order.

Question 64

When the act ceases to be bad and the actor is labeled and owns the label of being bad it is termed transfer of evil.

Question 65

Labeling proposes that individuals mold their behavior in accordance with their individual internal perceptions.

Question 66

Braithwaite postulates that the negative use of shame can successfully deter further deviance.

Question 67

Primary deviance is a mentalistic construct in that it relies on the mind-set and attitude of the individual involved.

Question 68

Current trends attempt to integrate various theories into more unified, coherent explanations of deviance.

Question 69

Both primary and secondary deviance entail the same types of behavior.

Question 70

Life-course theories often include biological inputs.

Question 71

Drift is the concept that individuals are pushed and pulled toward different modes of activity at different times in their lives.