Deck 13: The Future of Corrections

Question 1

One of the positives of the U.S. Correctional system is that it has a clearly stated mission.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Risk assessment methods have low rates of failure.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The formal problem of structure in corrections is one of interdependence and coordination.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The rate of returning prisoners from probation or parole violations varies greatly by state.

Question 5

More African American men are currently imprisoned than attend colleges and universities.

Question 6

Correctional leadership will always solely be about a vision of the future.

Question 7

Modern probation was invented in the United States at the start of the twentieth century.

Question 8

In the United States there is a tremendous shortage of crime-prevention or crime-control strategies that work.

Question 9

Health care in some prison systems is appallingly bad, especially for the mentally ill

Question 10

We have to "look" at all evidence in order to determine "what works."

Question 11

The emergence of a profession has had two important consequences for corrections; the field is "smarter" and performance meets a higher standard.

Question 12

Programs that work often have appealing aspects, like "scaring kids straight."

Question 13

The way changes in crime rates affect the correctional system is straightforward and comprehensible.

Question 14

Once a person commits a crime, he or she will always pose a higher risk to the community than people who have
never committed a crime.

Question 15

Foretelling the future in corrections is not easy.

Question 16

Although salaries vary widely from state to state, correctional employees often earn more than workers in comparable positions elsewhere.

Question 17

Studies show that reentry programs are effective in reducing recidivism.

Question 18

Today the U.S. corrections system serves as a progressive model for the world's systems of punishment.

Question 19

An example of a failed correctional method is group treatment.

Question 20

The consequences of these frequent changes in technological approach are largely negative.

Question 21

Attracting, motivating, and ________ outstanding personnel is key to an effective correctional system.

A) promoting
B) recognizing
C) rewarding
D) retaining

Question 22

The population of drug offenders in U.S. prisons has increased by over ________ percent since 1980.

A) 300
B) 400
C) 500
D) 700

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a new technology in corrections?

A) computer-assisted solitary confinement
B) eye-recognition systems
C) spatial monitoring systems
D) computer-aided decision making

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT one of the major trends in corrections?

A) evidence-based practices
B) techno-corrections
C) professionalization
D) rising crime rates

Question 25

The corrections system is too buffeted by political and social forces to be able to change.

Question 26

In the United States today, there are over ________ million people under some form of correctional control.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 27

In ________ the professional field becomes increasingly cognizant of new studies of correctional effectiveness, and increasingly, over time, the field will be using proven programs that reduce recidivism.

A) techno-corrections
B) diminishing incarceration rates
C) professionalization
D) evidence-based practice

Question 28

Over one in three African American men in their ________ is currently under some form of correctional control.

A) late teens
B) twenties
C) thirties
D) forties

Question 29

The best evaluation for determining "what works" is to conduct a __________.

A) random field trial
B) planned in-house experiment
C) random sample survey
D) professional survey

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT one of the core concerns of corrections?

A) Mission
B) Benefits
C) Methods
D) Personnel

Question 31

The initial recruitment problem when attempting to hire correctional staff stems from ________.

A) the element of danger
B) low starting salaries
C) poor health benefits
D) no retirement plans

Question 32

Over the last several decades, a new national academic discipline of ________ has grown from a fledgling major with a weak academic reputation to a nationally respected field of study.

A) social work
B) sociology
C) criminal justice
D) political science

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the four substantial trends that are presumed to be able to help shape the future of the U.S. correctional system?

A) techno-corrections
B) diminishing incarceration rates
C) professionalization
D) evidence-based practice

Question 34

If a panel of experts were asked to characterize the U.S. correctional system, they would likely say little about new policies, programs, or other innovations. Instead they would say that what sets the U.S. corrections system apart from all others is that it is so _________.

A) progressive
B) big
C) retributive
D) rehabilitative

Question 35

According to the text, the U.S. correctional system has become less harsh than other systems of free societies.

Question 36

________ is one of the most important external dynamics affecting the correctional system.

A) Techno-corrections
B) Diminishing crime rates
C) Professionalization
D) Evidence-based practice

Question 37

The U.S. correctional system is simply not in a position to influence its own fate significantly. Much of this inability has to do with its overall .

A) purpose
B) function
C) structure
D) philosophy

Question 38

According to your authors, the main resource of the correctional system is ________.

A) technology
B) personnel
C) time
D) money

Question 39

According to your authors, which of the following is NOT one of the five major dilemmas the U.S. correctional system faces?

A) treatment
B) costs
C) mission
D) methods

Question 40

The crime rate today is ________ it was in 1973, the year prison populations first began to grow.

A) nearly the same as
B) 50 percent greater than
C) twice as small as
D) twice as large as

Question 41

All of the following can be considered evidence that our current correctional system has become much harsher than other societies, EXCEPT _______________.

A) the abolishment of parole in most U.S. states
B) men in jail being made to wear pink underwear
C) refusals of college loans because of convictions of drug crimes
D) chain gangs cleaning roads and wearing black-striped shirts

Question 42

The ________ has become to corrections what the FBI is to law enforcement: a strong force for professional standards, policy and procedural improvement, and general development of the field.

A) American Probation and Parole Association
B) Corrections Corporation of America
C) American Correctional Association
D) National Institute of Corrections

Question 43

What part of the correctional process does Mason work in?

A) reentry
B) revocation
C) prosecution
D) investigation

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT one of the challenges the future of corrections faces?

A) reinvigorating a new correctional leadership
B) determining how to make punishment harsher
C) refocusing our investments in what works
D) reclaiming the moral and ethical high road

Question 45

Communicating with and motivating people who are on probation or parole is known as ____________.

A) motivational interviewing
B) changing communication styles
C) manipulating offenders to change
D) role modeling prosocial behaviors

Question 46

An example of techno-corrections is __________.

A) electronic monitoring
B) risk assessment
C) random field trial
D) bail evaluation

Question 47

____________ evidence-based initiatives are programs that identify the key risk factors for offending and implement prevention methods in an attempt to counteract them before they occur.

A) Offense-focused
B) Risk-focused
C) Offender-focused
D) Treatment-focused

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT one of the three most frequently cited pressures that have left the correctional system in its current unstable form?

A) political
B) moral
C) economic
D) social

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT one of the major challenges of the correctional system?

A) Understand what "good leadership" means.
B) Reinvigorate a new correctional leadership.
C) Refocus our investments in what works.
D) Reclaim the moral and ethical high road.

Question 50

State correctional budgets have in the past decade.

A) more than doubled
B) decreased by half
C) remained predominately unchanged
D) more than quadrupled

Question 51

Based on the information above, what would be a good starting position for Peyton?

A) correctional officer
B) warden
C) parole officer
D) law enforcement officer

Question 52

Nearly 25 years ago, the ________ created and distributed a set of national standards for correctional practices in jails, prisons, and field services.

A) American Probation and Parole Association
B) Corrections Corporation of America
C) American Correctional Association
D) National Institute of Corrections

Question 53

According to the text, the U.S. correctional system today is far more ________ than it has been for a long time, maybe forever.

A) punitive
B) lenient
C) disorganized
D) structured

Question 54

According to the text, when a leader's skills fit the situation, .

A) effective leadership follows
B) crime is guaranteed to decline
C) crime is guaranteed to climb
D) prisons will be run more tightly

Question 55

Why may Peyton not apply for an entry-level corrections position?

A) She might get a low starting salary.
B) She's not a good fit to work in corrections.
C) Females can't work in corrections.
D) She lacks the proper education for working in corrections.

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the social costs of the growing penal system?

A) broken families
B) weakened labor markets
C) increased juvenile delinquency
D) increased fear of crime

Question 57

The belief in using correctional practices that "work" fits in with ________.

A) evidence-based practices
B) techno-corrections
C) personnel issues
D) strong belief in punishment for all offenders

Question 58

Based on the scenario, it also seems as though Peyton believes in _______.

A) motivational interviewing
B) criticizing offenders for the offense they committed
C) setting up offenders for failure
D) the inability for offenders to change behavior

Question 59

The ________ costs of the growth of the penal system have been borne most substantially by minority communities that already struggle with poverty and other forms of disadvantage.

A) physical
B) financial
C) social
D) moral

Question 60

According to your authors, the field of corrections will continue to get nowhere without ________.

A) tougher punishments
B) more administration
C) new prisons
D) effective leadership

Question 61

By using electronic monitoring, Mason is using _________.

A) techno-corrections
B) motivational interviewing
C) excessive punishment
D) too much control

Question 62

Achieving correctional goals through the use of new technologies is referred to as ________.

Question 63

When correctional ________ are in conflict, staff members have difficulty choosing among competing methods to perform their work: surveillance or service, custody or treatment.

Question 64

In corrections, initial recruitment problems frequently stem from ________ starting salaries.

Question 65

Mason uses which of the following types of assessment?

A) risk assessment
B) remorse assessment
C) readiness assessment
D) rehabilitation assessment

Question 66

According to your authors, correctional leaders should articulate their ____________________ of corrections and establish a clearer policy to guide its implementation.

Question 67

The term ________ refers to those who are returning to the community from prison.

Question 68

According to the text, Mason's frustrations are due to ________.

A) political schizophrenia
B) offenders' attitudes
C) victims' demands
D) his lack of work to do

Question 69

When the nation's top penologists and social reformers met in Cincinnati in 1870, they affirmed a mission of
that became a model for correctional systems across the globe.

Question 70

Corrections is simply not in a position to influence its own fate significantly. Much of this inability has to do with its
_____________.

Question 71

________ is a systematic method of interacting with clients that increases their willingness to change their behavior.

Question 72

A(n) ________ is a situation that forces one to choose between two or more alternatives.

Question 73

Borrowed from the field of medicine, the ________ creates an experiment in which some people are given the treatment and an identical group is not.

Question 74

Tammy's staff retention issues would fall under what dilemma?

A) personnel
B) methods
C) mission
D) structure

Question 75

Evaluating the effectiveness of a program by assigning some people to the program and others to no program, and seeing which group does better is called a(n) .

Question 76

One issue associated with correctional methods is ________: Offenders should be punished equally in accordance with the seriousness of their offenses.

Question 77

Based on the information presented in the text, Tammy's frustration regarding the goals of her work could be due to _________.

A) an unclear mission
B) boredom
C) her need to micromanage
D) her ongoing issues in her personal life

Question 78

Because corrections works with ________, its central technologies should involve interpersonal communication and influence.

Question 79

If the correctional ________ is unclear, the best correctional strategies and techniques will be ambiguous as well.

Question 80

__________________ have made it easier to identify where services need to be located so that clients in reentry can access them more easily.