Deck 26: Endocrine Control

Question 1

The luteinizing hormone (LH) ____.​

A) ​affects sex steroid hormone secretion
B) ​has no function in males
C) ​is produced by the corpus luteum
D) ​stimulates milk production
E) ​encourages growth of bone and soft tissues

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A _____ is a molecule that forms inside a cell in response to the binding of a signaling molecule to a ______ in the plasma membrane.

A) receptor; second messenger
B) second messenger; lipid
C) protein; receptor
D) second messenger; receptor
E) lipid; second messenger

Answer 2

D

Question 3

BPA has a structure similar to which hormone?

A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) cortisol
D) corticosterone
E) insulin

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Most organs respond to _____ and _____.

A) hormones; physical stimulation
B) environmental signals; hormones
C) hormones; neuronal signals
D) environmental signals; neuronal signals
E) physical stimulation; neuronal signals

Question 5

Prolactin ____.​

A) ​stimulates and sustains milk production after childbirth
B) ​stimulates labor and childbirth
C) ​causes the development of breasts and other secondary sexual characteristics in the male
D) ​acts in concert with FSH to produce milk
E) ​has secondary effects on reducing the size of the uterus after birth

Question 6

The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ____.

A) controls levels of GH
B) influences levels of LH
C) influences levels of FSH
D) reduces urine output
E) causes contractions of the uterus

Question 7

Milk letdown, labor, and childbirth are mediated by the ____ gland.

A) pineal
B) anterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary
D) parathyroid
E) thyroid

Question 8

Steroid hormones are derived from ____.​

A) ​glucose
B) ​cholesterol
C) ​messenger RNA
D) ​cyclic AMP
E) ​glycogen

Question 9

Endocrine glands and neurons receive signals from the ____.

A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) adrenal cortex
D) anterior pituitary gland
E) thyroid

Question 10

Acromegaly is the result of excessive secretion of ____ by adults.​

A) ​mineralocorticoid
B) ​glucocorticoid
C) ​thyroxine
D) ​testosterone
E) ​growth hormone

Question 11

Some epidemiological studies have found a correlation between human BPA level and an increased risk of ______.

A) type 1 diabetes
B) type 2 diabetes
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) cancer
E) Parkinson's disease

Question 12

How do steroid hormones differ from those derived from amino acids?

A) Steroid hormones are not derived from organic molecules.
B) Steroid hormones do not bind to plasma membrane receptors.
C) Steroid hormones use a second messenger system.
D) Steroid hormones do not travel in the blood.
E) Steroid hormones do not require receptors to function.

Question 13

All target cells of a specific hormone must have ____.​

A) ​hydrophilic plasma membranes
B) ​proximity to an endocrine gland
C) ​an appropriate receptor molecule
D) ​special lipids in their plasma membranes
E) ​access to absorbed carbohydrates

Question 14

Hormones are distributed throughout the body by the ____ system.​

A) ​urinary
B) ​lymphatic
C) ​nervous
D) ​circulatory
E) ​muscular

Question 15

Bone and soft tissue growth in the young is driven by ____.​

A) ​ACTH
B) ​prolactin
C) ​oxytocin
D) ​growth hormone
E) ​FSH

Question 16

____ is used in the lining of food cans and the thermal paper used to print cash register receipts.

A) DDT
B) Phthalates
C) CFC
D) Bisphenol A
E) Vinyl

Question 17

XY individuals with total androgen insensitivity syndrome ____.

A) ​do not secrete testosterone
B) ​do not have testes
C) ​have mutated testosterone receptors in their cells
D) ​secrete more estrogen than testosterone
E) ​have normal male genitalia

Question 18

The adrenal glands secrete the steroid hormone ____.​

A) ​cortisol
B) ​melatonin
C) calcitonin
D) glucagon​
E) ​insulin

Question 19

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) ____.

A) is secreted by the posterior pituitary
B) has target cells in the autonomic nervous system
C) has target cells in the adrenal glands
D) has target cells in the adrenal medulla
E) initiates an autoimmune response

Question 20

Some breast cancer cells have receptors for ____, which encourages their growth and division.​

A) ​testosterone
B) ​estrogen
C) ​glucagon
D) ​insulin
E) ​prolactin

Question 21

Thyroid hormone ____.​

A) ​increases the resting metabolic rate of cells throughout the body
B) ​slows the heart rate and increases lipid metabolism
C) ​inhibits protein synthesis
D) ​increases glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation
E) ​stimulates the release of ADH from the hypothalamus

Question 22

The main regulator of calcium blood levels is the ____.​

A) ​parathyroid glands
B) ​thyroid glands
C) ​hypothalamus
D) ​anterior pituitary gland
E) ​posterior pituitary gland

Question 23

Most hormones produced in the anterior pituitary ____.​

A) ​affect kidney functioning
B) ​are secreted in response to signals from the medulla oblongata
C) ​control the release of hormones from other endocrine glands
D) ​are steroid hormones
E) ​effect target cells in the posterior pituitary

Question 24

The body's main regulator of the internal environment is the ____.​

A) ​anterior pituitary gland
B) ​hypothalamus
C) ​medulla oblongata
D) ​cerebellum
E) ​pons

Question 25

Lack of ____in a diet can cause ____.​

A) ​iron; hypothyroidism
B) ​iodine; hypothyroidism
C) ​iodine; hyperthyroidism
D) ​iron; hyperthyroidism
E) ​iodine; hypertension

Question 26

Thyroid hormone deficiency can lead to a condition known as ____.​

A) ​hypothyroidism
B) ​hyperthyroidism
C) ​rickets
D) ​AIDS
E) ​bowed legs

Question 27

Calcitonin is produced by the ____ and is important for the uptake of ____ by bones.​

A) ​anterior pituitary; calcium
B) ​posterior pituitary; phosphorus
C) ​thymus; calcium
D) ​thyroid; calcium
E) ​hypothalamus; phosphorus

Question 28

A goiter is an enlarged form of the ____ gland.

A) adrenal
B) pancreas
C) thyroid
D) parathyroid
E) thymus

Question 29

Excess glucose is converted into glycogen in the ____.​

A) ​pancreas
B) ​liver
C) ​thymus
D) ​thyroid
E) ​adrenal cortex

Question 30

If the concentration of thyroid hormone is high, ____.

A) the secretion of thyroid-releasing hormone is inhibited
B) the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone is increased
C) calcitonin production is increased
D) resting metabolism decreases
E) more than one of these occurs

Question 31

The normal human individual has ____ parathyroid glands.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 32

Osteoporosis sometimes results from ____.​

A) ​excessive PTH secretion
B) ​insufficient PTH secretion
C) ​excessive intake of vitamin D
D) ​excessive intake of iodine
E) ​insufficient intake of vitamin D

Question 33

In the United States, most thyroid disorders are caused by ____.​

A) ​iodine deficiency
B) ​iron deficiency
C) ​an autoimmune disorder
D) ​insecticides
E) ​a combination of more than one of these

Question 34

____ stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormone.

A) TSH
B) TRH
C) ACTH
D) GnRH
E) ADH

Question 35

At night, increased melatonin secretion causes increases in which of the following?

A) drowsiness
B) body temperature
C) glucose metabolism
D) lipid metabolism
E) urination

Question 36

The anterior and posterior pituitary glands differ in that ____.

A) the anterior pituitary produces peptide hormones, while the posterior pituitary produces steroid hormones
B) the anterior pituitary produces its own hormones but the posterior pituitary does not
C) the anterior pituitary is a part of the nervous system, while the posterior pituitary is a part of the endocrine system
D) the anterior pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus, whereas the posterior pituitary is controlled by the adrenal cortex
E) the anterior pituitary is under voluntary control, while the posterior pituitary is under involuntary control

Question 37

A goiter is caused by a deficiency in ____.​

A) ​thyroxine
B) ​triiodothyronine
C) ​calcium
D) ​iodine
E) ​both thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 38

The pineal gland secretes which hormone?

A) insulin
B) melatonin
C) thyroxine
D) cortisol
E) growth hormone

Question 39

If you eliminated all sources of calcium (dairy products, some vegetables) from your diet, the level of ____ would rise in an attempt to supply calcium stored in your body to the tissues that need it.​

A) ​aldosterone
B) ​calcitonin
C) ​mineralocorticoids
D) ​parathyroid hormone
E) ​GH

Question 40

The ____ gland(s) secrete(s) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

A) thyroid
B) parathyroid
C) thymus
D) hypothalamus
E) anterior pituitary

Question 41

The adrenal cortex produces ____.

A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) ADH
D) testosterone
E) glucagon

Question 42

In individuals with type 2 diabetes, _____.​

A) ​blood sugar monitoring is not necessary
B) ​diagnosis usually occurs very early in life
C) ​diet is ineffective for managing the condition
D) ​target cells do not respond to insulin
E) ​little or no insulin is produced

Question 43

The combination of ____ causes the gonads to secrete sex steroid hormones.​

A) ​estrogen and progesterone
B) ​testosterone and oxytocin
C) ​estrogen and FSH
D) ​testosterone and LH
E) ​FSH and LH

Question 44

The pancreas produces hormones that regulate ____ homeostasis.

A) water
B) temperature
C) pH
D) glucose
E) blood pressure

Question 45

FSH and LH regulate ____.

A) heart rhythms in songbirds
B) the stimulation of cancer cell growth in humans
C) the menstrual cycle in human females
D) sleep cycles in humans
E) milk production in mammals after giving birth

Question 46

The target cells of glucagon are ____.​

A) ​liver cells
B) ​skeletal muscle cells
C) ​fat cells
D) ​intestinal cells
E) ​stomach cells

Question 47

Insulin affects the ____.​

A) ​secretion of saliva
B) ​storage of proteins
C) ​secretion of pancreatic juices
D) ​metabolism of sugar
E) ​utilization of fat reserves

Question 48

Specialized clusters of endocrine cells that secrete hormones are found scattered throughout the ____.

A) adrenal cortex
B) liver
C) thymus
D) adrenal medulla
E) pancreas

Question 49

The _____ secretes GnRH.

A) hypothalamus
B) pituitary
C) thyroid
D) parathyroid
E) thymus

Question 50

Like ____, aldosterone functions in the concentration of urine.

A) calcitonin
B) insulin
C) cortisol
D) antidiuretic hormone
E) growth hormone

Question 51

Negative feedback regulation between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus controls the secretion of ____.​

A) ​insulin
B) ​epinephrine
C) ​norepinephrine
D) ​cortisol
E) ​glucagon

Question 52

Insulin stimulates ____.​

A) ​muscle and fat cells to take up glucose
B) ​increased levels of glucose in the blood
C) ​a decrease in muscle cell activity
D) ​an increase in exercise
E) ​liver cells to release glycogen

Question 53

Type 1 diabetes ____.​

A) ​is characterized by normal insulin levels
B) ​is characterized by cells that do not respond to insulin
C) ​is the more common form of diabetes
D) ​is usually controlled with a strict diet
E) ​usually occurs in early childhood

Question 54

Another name for high blood sugar is ____.​

A) ​type 1 diabetes
B) ​type 2 diabetes
C) ​hyperglycemia
D) ​hypoglycemia
E) ​anemia

Question 55

When blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes ____.

A) less glucagon and more insulin
B) less insulin and more glucagon
C) more glucagon and more insulin
D) less glucagon and less insulin
E) neither glucagon nor insulin

Question 56

The hierarchy of endocrine glands that control the release of sex steroid hormones is ____.

A) hypothalamus → posterior pituitary → gonads
B) hypothalamus → anterior pituitary → gonads
C) anterior pituitary → hypothalamus → gonads
D) posterior pituitary → hypothalamus → gonads
E) anterior pituitary → posterior pituitary → gonads

Question 57

If you skip a meal, ____.​

A) ​insulin levels will rise
B) ​glucagon levels will rise
C) ​glucose will be taken up by cells
D) ​both insulin and glucagon levels will rise
E) ​glucose will be converted to glycogen

Question 58

The adrenal glands are located ____.​

A) ​beneath the pituitary gland
B) ​between the pons and the medulla oblongata
C) ​next to the pancreas
D) ​on top of the kidneys
E) ​attached to the liver

Question 59

_______ is/are a female animal's primary reproductive organ.

A) Ovaries
B) Parathyroid
C) Hypothalamus
D) Pituitary
E) Thymus

Question 60

The hormone whose levels remain high when the body is suffering from inflammation and stress is _____.​

A) ​cortisol
B) ​luteinizing hormone
C) ​thymosin
D) ​prolactin
E) ​parathyroid hormone

Question 61

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
gonad

Question 62

In human _____, secretion of _____ triggers enlarged breasts and fat deposition at the hips.

A) females; thyroid hormone
B) males; calcitonin
C) females; progesterone
D) males; testosterone
E) females; estrogen

Question 63

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
adrenal medulla

Question 64

High levels of cortisol can mimic the effects of _____ on the _____.​

A) ​insulin; liver
B) ​TSH; thyroid
C) ​insulin; muscles
D) ​glucagon; liver
E) ​glucagon; cells

Question 65

Cushing's syndrome can cause _____.​

A) ​low blood pressure
B) ​impaired immunity
C) ​osteoporosis
D) ​liver failure
E) ​weight loss

Question 66

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
steroid hormone

Question 67

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
target cell

Question 68

In human ______, secretion of ______ triggers growth facial hair and an enlarged larynx (voice box) that lowers the voice.

A) females; estrogen
B) males; testosterone
C) males; progesterone
D) females; testosterone
E) males; corticosterone

Question 69

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
insulin

Question 70

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
hypothalamus

Question 71

Secretion of sex steroid hormones in males and females is controlled by ____.

A) different receptors in males versus females
B) different hormones depending on sex
C) the same hormones but different pathways depending on sex
D) different pathways and hormones depending on the sex
E) the same pathway and hormones regardless of sex

Question 72

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
molecule that forms inside a cell in response to the binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Question 73

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
anterior lobe of pituitary

Question 74

Increased GnRH levels cause an increase in ____ production.

A) aldosterone
B) ADH
C) testosterone
D) insulin
E) glucagon

Question 75

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
adrenal cortex

Question 76

Increased ____ levels cause decreases in _____, ____, ____ levels.

A) melatonin; TSH; FSH; TRH
B) testosterone; GnRH; FSH; LH
C) cortisol; TRH; FSH; LH
D) insulin; FSH; LH; GH
E) calcitonin; GnRH; FSH; LH

Question 77

Matching
Match the description to the endocrine structure to which it best corresponds.
a.secretes thyroxine
b.secrete insulin and glucagon
c.secretes hormones that prepare accessory reproductive structures for reproduction
d.involved in lymphocyte maturation and immune response
e.secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, growth hormone, and prolactin
f.secretes sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone
g.a second messenger
h.diffuse across cell membranes because of their lipid composition
i.senses photoperiods
j.secretes (releases into bloodstream) oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
k.secretes a hormone that promotes calcium release from bone storage sites
l.produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
m.hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
n.secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
o.has receptors for hormone binding
pancreatic islets

Question 78

A study of ____ indicated a connection between lower melatonin levels and a greater risk of breast cancer.​

A) ​ER nurses
B) ​college students
C) ​high stress occupations
D) ​night-shift nurses
E) ​infants in high altitudes

Question 79

The differences in male and female secondary sexual traits are due to the _____.

A) relative proportion of sex steroid hormones in males versus females
B) production of different sex steroid hormones by males and females
C) differences in sex steroid hormone receptors in males versus females
D) exposure to environmental toxins during fetal development
E) absence of sex steroid hormones in females

Question 80

A decrease in blood glucose triggers action by the _____ stimulated by _____.

A) liver; an increase in glucagon
B) liver; the absence of insulin
C) liver, muscles, and fat; an increase in glucagon
D) liver, muscles, and fat; the absence of insulin
E) hypothalamus; the breakdown of sugar