Deck 21: How Animals Move

Question 1

​In humans, the ____ bone is found in the pectoral girdle.

A) ​clavicle
B) ​humerus
C) ​radius
D) ​sternum
E) ​tibia

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The ____ protects/protect the heart and lungs.

A) vertebral column
B) pelvic girdle
C) pectoral girdle
D) ribs and sternum
E) breastplate and pelvic girdle

Answer 2

D

Question 3

​The size of a muscle can be increased by ____.

A) ​increased muscle cell division
B) ​addition of muscle companion cells
C) ​addition of muscle companion cells
D) ​synthesis of new protein filaments
E) ​overproduction of myostatin

Answer 3

D

Question 4

​A key disadvantage to having an exoskeleton is ____.

A) ​muscles do not work effectively
B) ​the body tissues are unprotected by it
C) ​it does not grow with the animal
D) ​it prevents the possibility of flying
E) ​it breaks easily

Question 5

​Human cases of complete myostatin deficiency ____.

A) ​are very common
B) ​are quite rare
C) ​have never been identified
D) ​are easy to study
E) ​result from nutritional deficiencies

Question 6

Which invertebrate has an endoskeleton?

A) clam
B) lobster
C) sea star
D) earthworm
E) shrimp

Question 7

​Arthropods have ____.

A) ​exoskeletons
B) ​endoskeletons
C) ​hydrostatic skeletons
D) ​segmental skeletons
E) ​squishy skeletons

Question 8

​Bones are wrapped in ____ tissue.

A) ​adipose
B) ​dense connective
C) ​epithelial
D) ​loose connective
E) ​neuronal

Question 9

​Humans have ____ vertebrae.

A) ​21
B) ​26
C) ​23
D) ​46
E) ​58

Question 10

​Understanding how to inhibit myostatin production may lead to effective treatment of ____.

A) ​increased muscle cell division
B) ​addition of muscle companion cells
C) ​stretching of individual muscle cells
D) ​synthesis of new protein filaments
E) ​overproduction of myostatin

Question 11

​The ____ bones protect the organs and support the weight of the upper body while standing.

A) ​vertebral column
B) ​pelvic girdle
C) ​pectoral girdle
D) ​ribs and sternum
E) ​femur and tibia

Question 12

​The ____ bone is the largest in the human body.

A) ​humerus
B) ​femur
C) ​ulna
D) ​tibia
E) ​radius

Question 13

​A(n) ____ skeleton is an internal fluid filled chamber against which muscles exert force.

A) ​exoskeleton
B) ​hydrostatic
C) ​hydrophobic
D) ​hydrophilic
E) ​endoskeleton

Question 14

Bone loss outpaces bone formation when a person suffers from ____.

A) osteoporosis
B) Parkinson's disease
C) muscular dystrophy
D) Alzheimer's disease
E) bone spurs

Question 15

​Bone mass typically increases until the approximate age of ____.

A) ​10
B) ​15
C) ​25
D) ​35
E) ​45

Question 16

​Intervertebral disks composed of ____ separate adjacent vertebrae in the human vertebral column.

A) ​cartilage
B) ​tendons
C) ​fibrous connective tissue
D) ​ligaments
E) ​bone marrow

Question 17

​Which hormone increases muscle mass?

A) ​progesterone
B) ​estrogen
C) ​luteinizing hormone
D) ​testosterone
E) ​myostatin

Question 18

​The regulatory protein responsible for slowing the production of muscle proteins is ____.

A) ​actin
B) ​myosin
C) ​troponin
D) ​testosterone
E) ​myostatin

Question 19

​Synthetic versions of muscle-building hormones are also known as ____ hormones.

A) ​anabolic
B) ​catabolic
C) ​metabolic
D) ​bully
E) ​nutritional

Question 20

​Earthworms have a(n) ____.

A) ​exoskeleton
B) ​endoskeleton
C) ​hydrostatic skeleton
D) ​segmental skeleton
E) ​squishy skeleton

Question 21

The ____ is most like an endoskeleton.

A) wooden frame of a house
B) covering of a chair
C) hair of a dog
D) trunk of a tree
E) handle of an umbrella

Question 22

​When you bring your hand to your shoulder, your biceps muscle ____ and your triceps muscle ____.

A) ​contracts; relaxes
B) ​relaxes; contracts
C) ​contracts; contracts
D) ​relaxes; relaxes
E) ​lengthens; shortens

Question 23

​When a muscle contracts, the opposing muscle with which it is paired will ____.

A) ​pull
B) ​push
C) ​contract
D) ​relax
E) ​shorten

Question 24

​The ____ is a bone of the lower leg in humans.

A) ​femur
B) ​tibia
C) ​radius
D) ​ulna
E) ​humerus

Question 25

​Osteoarthritis is more common in older adults due to ____.

A) ​a long-term nutritional deficiency
B) ​a lifetime of jarring joints
C) ​repeatedly breaking tendons
D) ​gradual loss of bone mass
E) ​an autoimmune disorder

Question 26

For muscles to contract, ____ ions need to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A) sodium
B) calcium
C) phosphorous
D) oxygen
E) nitrogen

Question 27

​Bones store ____, which is important for nerve cell function and muscle contraction.

A) ​calcium
B) ​phosphorous
C) ​potassium
D) ​sodium
E) ​magnesium

Question 28

​Gibbons are able to swing through the trees by their arms thanks to ____ joints.

A) ​fibrous
B) ​cartilaginous
C) ​synovial
D) ​hinged joints
E) ​gliding joints

Question 29

The ____ attaches to the lower leg bones, the tibia and fibula, at the knee.

A) humerus
B) ulna
C) radius
D) patella
E) femur

Question 30

The pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle differ in that ____.

A) the pectoral girdle has more bones
B) the pectoral girdle includes the patella and the pelvic girdle includes the radius
C) the bones of the pelvic girdle are fused while the bones of the pectoral girdle are not
D) the bones of the pelvic girdle are part of the upper body while the bones of the pectoral girdle are part of the lower body
E) the bones of the pelvic girdle contain more calcium

Question 31

​Compact bone contains ____.

A) ​thick concentric layers of extracellular matrix
B) ​spongy marrow
C) ​yellow marrow
D) ​red marrow
E) ​blood arteries

Question 32

​Vitamin ____ helps reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

A) ​A
B) ​B₁₂
C) ​C
D) ​D
E) ​E

Question 33

​Muscles are connected to bones by ____.

A) ​ligaments
B) ​epithelium
C) ​tendons
D) ​joints
E) ​bones

Question 34

​The sternum is a major site of red blood cell formation; therefore, the bones in the sternum must be ____ bones.

A) ​compact
B) ​spongy
C) ​cartilaginous
D) ​fibrous
E) ​synovial

Question 35

​The single tendon of the biceps attaches to the ____.

A) ​clavicle
B) ​scapula
C) ​ulna
D) ​radius
E) ​humerus

Question 36

​The bones of synovial joints are held in place by ____.

A) ​tendons
B) ​loose connective tissue
C) ​ligaments
D) ​cartilage
E) ​other bones

Question 37

​The bones of the vertebral column, head, and rib cage comprise the ____.

A) ​lower limb bones
B) ​axial skeleton
C) ​appendicular skeleton
D) ​endoskeleton
E) ​pelvic girdle

Question 38

​The two tendons of the upper portion of the biceps attach to the ____.

A) ​clavicle
B) ​scapula
C) ​humerus
D) ​radius
E) ​backbone

Question 39

​A tendon is an extension of ____ tissue.

A) ​dense connective
B) ​loose connective
C) ​bony
D) ​epithelial
E) ​muscle

Question 40

​Most skeletal muscles attach to ____.

A) ​other tissues
B) ​bones
C) ​the backbone
D) ​a body opening
E) ​other muscles

Question 41

​All components of a muscle have ____ orientation, resulting in ____.

A) ​the same; a concerted pull in the same direction
B) ​the same; a concerted push in the same direction
C) ​a random; a dispersion of force
D) ​a random; a concentration of force in the center of the muscle
E) ​the same; a concentration of force in the center of the muscle

Question 42

In muscle contraction, the breaking of the cross-bridge between actin and myosin is caused by ____.

A) hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and Pi
B) formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
C) release of Pi from the myosin head
D) binding of a new ATP to the myosin head
E) return of myosin to a high-energy state

Question 43

​The ends of a sarcomere are defined by ____.

A) ​A lines
B) ​M lines
C) ​Z lines
D) ​myofibrils
E) ​thick filaments

Question 44

​The thick filaments of a sarcomere are composed of ____, and the thin filaments are composed of ____.

A) ​actin; myosin
B) ​myosin; actin
C) ​myofibrils; actin
D) ​A lines; Z lines
E) ​myofibrils; myosin

Question 45

An Olympic marathon runner probably has more ____ than does an Olympic weightlifter.

A) white muscle fibers
B) red muscle fibers
C) creatine phosphate
D) stored ATP
E) Stored oxygen

Question 46

​When a muscle fiber is relaxed, myosin cannot bind to actin because ____.

A) ​ATP is not present
B) ​the myosin binding site on actin is blocked
C) ​the myosin head is in the wrong shape for binding
D) ​the actin is in the wrong orientation for myosin binding
E) ​the myosin head is 180 degrees from its attachment configuration

Question 47

​The ____ pathway produces the most energy.

A) ​lactate fermentation
B) ​anaerobic respiration
C) ​aerobic respiration
D) ​use of stored ATP
E) ​dephosphorylation of creatine phosphate

Question 48

​Aerobic respiration increases ____.

A) ​the supply of ATP
B) ​the formation of actin filaments
C) ​the enzymes for glycolysis
D) ​muscle size
E) ​the supply of ADP

Question 49

​Skeletal muscles become more resistant to fatigue following ____ exercise.

A) ​high intensity-short duration
B) ​low intensity-long duration
C) ​medium intensity-medium duration
D) ​high intensity-long duration
E) ​low intensity-short duration

Question 50

​The sliding-filament model of muscle contraction is described by the action of ____ pulling ____ inward.

A) ​muscle fibers; actin filaments
B) ​myofilaments; sarcomeres
C) ​sarcomeres; Z lines
D) ​actin filaments; myosin filaments
E) ​myosin filaments; actin filaments

Question 51

White muscle fibers contain some but relatively few ____.

A) stored ATP molecules
B) creatine phosphate molecules
C) nuclei
D) sarcomeres
E) mitochondria

Question 52

​Compared to white muscle fibers, red muscle fibers ____.

A) ​have fewer mitochondria
B) ​have less myoglobin
C) ​make more ATP by lactate fermentation
D) ​fatigue less easily
E) ​get most of their ATP from creatine phosphate

Question 53

​Myoglobin supplies ____ to fuel muscle activity.

A) ​oxygen for aerobic respiration
B) ​phosphate for ATP formation
C) ​direct energy for white muscle fiber contraction
D) ​glucose for lactate fermentation
E) ​glucose for aerobic respiration

Question 54

​The contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is a(n) ____.

A) ​myofibril
B) ​sarcomere
C) ​myosin filament
D) ​actin filament
E) ​Z line

Question 55

In a muscle contraction, the sarcomere shortens when ____.

A) the myosin heads move in opposite directions
B) the myosin heads move toward each other
C) the actin filaments move in opposite directions
D) the actin-myosin cross-bridge disconnects
E) ATP is formed from ADP and Pi

Question 56

Which list represents the hierarchy of muscle structure from the largest unit to the smallest?

A) muscle fiber → myofibril → sarcomere → filaments
B) myofibril → muscle fiber → sarcomere → filaments
C) sarcomere → myofibril → filaments → muscle fiber
D) muscle fiber → sarcomere → myofibril → filaments
E) muscle fiber → filaments → myofibril → sarcomere

Question 57

In a muscle contraction event, ____ causes the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A) the hydrolysis of ATP
B) the formation of ATP
C) the formation of the actin-myosin cross-bridge
D) a signal from a motor neuron
E) the shortening of the sarcomere

Question 58

​Marathon runners tend to have a high percentage of ____ in their leg muscles.

A) ​slow, red fibers
B) slow, white fibers
C) ​fast, red fibers
D) ​fast, white fibers
E) ​both red and white fibers

Question 59

​In a contracted muscle, the Z lines of a sarcomere are ____.

A) ​closer together but not overlapping
B) ​further apart
C) ​the same distance apart as when not contracting
D) ​thicker
E) ​overlapping

Question 60

​In a muscle contraction, calcium ____.

A) ​causes the hydrolysis of ATP
B) ​connects actin with myosin to form a cross-bridge
C) ​allows myosin to bind to actin
D) ​catalyzes the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
E) ​causes the release of Pi from the myosin head

Question 61

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​fluid-filled chamber

Question 62

​The outermost, weight-bearing part of limb bones is made up of ____.

A) ​spongy bone
B) ​compact bone
C) ​yellow marrow
D) ​red marrow
E) ​connective tissue

Question 63

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​skeleton of clams

Question 64

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​soft-bodied invertebrates have this type of skeleton

Question 65

​The joint between vertebrae is an example of a ____ joint.

A) ​cartilaginous
B) ​synovial
C) ​fibrous
D) ​spongy
E) ​intervertebral

Question 66

​
​In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled "H" is a ____.

A) ​muscle fiber
B) ​sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) ​mitochondria
D) ​myofibril
E) ​Z line

Question 67

​
​In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled "D" is the ____.

A) ​muscle fiber
B) ​sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) ​mitochondria
D) ​myofibril
E) ​Z line

Question 68

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​hard external skeleton

Question 69

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​type of bony internal skeleton

Question 70

Relaxed muscles, such as those generated by prolonged sitting, ____, resulting in ____.

A) do not make ATP; higher blood glucose level
B) make excess ATP; lower blood glucose level
C) do not make ATP; lower blood glucose level
D) make excess ATP; higher blood glucose level
E) make normal amounts of ATP; stable blood glucose level

Question 71

​
​In the accompanying figure, the structure labeled "B" is a ____.

A) ​muscle fiber
B) ​sarcoplasmic reticulum
C) ​mitochondria
D) ​myofibril
E) ​Z line

Question 72

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​found in all vertebrates

Question 73

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​a tapeworm has this type of skeleton

Question 74

​Low intensity, long duration exercise results in ____.

A) ​decreased capillary growth
B) ​decreased number of mitochondria
C) ​increased white fibers
D) ​increased amounts of myoglobin
E) ​no change in muscles

Question 75

​Bones at synovial joints are held in place by ____.

A) ​tendons
B) ​cartilaginous joints
C) ​fibrous joints
D) ​ligaments
E) ​bone fragments

Question 76

The enzyme lipoprotein lipase ____.

A) decreases in concentration with exercise
B) allows muscles to release fatty acids
C) decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease
D) results in lower levels of HDL
E) has no overall impact on health

Question 77

​Resistance activities increase muscle mass by ____.

A) ​stretching muscles
B) ​increasing the number of mitochondria in cells
C) ​encouraging the synthesis of more actin and myosin filaments
D) ​encouraging the production of more muscle fibers
E) ​converting red fibers to white fibers

Question 78

The following statements describe characteristics associated with bones and bone marrow. For each one, select the structure to which each best corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a. compact bone
b. spongy bone
c. both spongy bone and compact bone
d. neither spongy bone nor compact bone
e. yellow marrow
f. red marrow
​has sheath of dense connective tissue

Question 79

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​ants have this type of skeleton

Question 80

Matching
The following statements describe the various types of animal skeletons. For each one, select the best choice to which each corresponds. Some choices may be used more than once.
a.hydrostatic skeleton
b.exoskeleton
c.endoskeleton
​monkeys have this type of skeleton