Deck 14: Prokaryotes, Protists, and Viruses

ملء الشاشة (f)
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سؤال
____ are likely to provide hints about the Earth's early atmosphere.

A) Ancient rocks
B) Volcanic eruptions
C) Ancient rocks and volcanic eruptions
D) Meteorites and ancient rocks
E) Meteorites, volcanic eruptions, and ancient rocks
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سؤال
​____ may have been a source of organic monomers on early Earth.

A) ​Venus
B) ​Meteorites
C) ​Volcanoes
D) ​Stromatolites
E) ​Comets
سؤال
​ _____, which probably evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane, first appear in the fossil record about 1.8 million years ago.

A) ​Eukaryotes
B) ​Archaea
C) ​Plants
D) ​Bacteria
E) ​Photosynthesizers
سؤال
It is hypothesized that ____ may have been the first informational molecule.

A) DNA
B) a protein
C) RNA
D) ozone
E) an amino acid
سؤال
​The earliest cells most likely ____.

A) ​were prokaryotic cells
B) ​did not have a nucleus but had membrane-bound organelles
C) ​used oxygen gas in order to thrive successfully
D) ​used energy from the sun
E) ​were multicellular
سؤال
​​Scientists hypothesize that ____ served as a primitive template for forming polymer chains from organic subunits, such as amino acids.

A) ​meteorites that landed in the oceans
B) ​clay particles in tidal flats
C) ​sulfur that precipitated out of hydrothermal vents
D) ​rusty rocks
E) ​magma spewed from early volcanic activity
سؤال
​Humans acquire their first microorganisms during ____.

A) ​fetal development
B) ​nursing
C) ​vaginal delivery
D) ​the first year of life
E) ​exposure to the air
سؤال
​Scientific evidence suggests that Earth had cooled enough for_____ to accumulate by 4.3 billion years ago.

A) ​carbon monoxide
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​oxygen
D) ​water
E) ​nuclei
سؤال
​Until the early 1800s, scientists believed that molecules of life could only be made _____.

A) ​by prokaryotes
B) ​by organisms with RNA genomes
C) ​inside hydrothermal vents
D) ​by protocells
E) ​inside living organisms
سؤال
​The appearance of _____ on Earth due to the action of photosynthetic bacteria occurred about 2.7 billion years ago.

A) ​water
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​ATP
D) ​oxygen
E) ​iron
سؤال
Experiments like those performed by Stanley Miller in the 1850s demonstrated that lightening-fueled atmospheric reactions could produce ____.

A) self-replicating DNA molecules
B) organic compounds required for life under artificial conditions
C) prokaryotic cells under artificial conditions
D) meteorites containing the building blocks of life
E) organic molecules in hydrothermal vents
سؤال
​____ are dome-shaped structures composed of layers of early cells and sediments.

A) ​Meteorites
B) ​Protocells
C) ​Stromatolites
D) ​Hydrothermal fossils
E) ​Protofossils
سؤال
​DNA is more stable than RNA for storing genetic information because ____.

A) ​uracil needed for RNA synthesis is far less common than thymine needed for DNA synthesis
B) ​RNA breaks more easily and accumulates more mutations than DNA does
C) ​DNA is easier to build from its component molecules
D) ​DNA requires less energy to construct than RNA does
E) ​RNA molecules are longer than DNA molecules and thus more prone to breakage
سؤال
What are the four main organic subunits found in all organisms?

A) protocell; fatty acids; nucleotides; simple sugars
B) amino acids; DNA; nucleotides; simple sugars
C) amino acids; fatty acids; RNA; simple sugars
D) amino acids; DNA; RNA; protocell
E) amino acids; fatty acids; nucleotides; simple sugars
سؤال
​Evidence supporting the lack of oxygen on early Earth includes _____.

A) ​the presence of early photosynthesizers
B) ​the immediate breakdown of organic molecules
C) ​the lack of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
D) ​the presence of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
E) ​the accumulation of ozone
سؤال
​Place the following hypothesized events of the beginning of life in their correct order. I
Organic polymers form
II
Inorganic molecules form
III
DNA-based cells form
IV
Organic monomers form
V
Protocells in the RNA world form

A) ​I, III, V, IV, II
B) ​II, I, IV, V, III
C) ​II, IV, I, V, III
D) ​IV, I, II, III, V
E) ​II, I, IV, V, III
سؤال
​____ may have been the ancestors of cellular life.

A) ​Circular RNA
B) ​Prokaryotic cells
C) ​Pseudocells
D) ​Lipid globules
E) ​Protocells
سؤال
​G. lamblia infection in the gut ____; therefore, some people may be benefited by the presence of this protist.

A) ​reduces the risk of parasitic worm infection
B) ​increases the likelihood of getting irritable bowel disease (IBD)
C) ​inhibits fat uptake from food
D) ​causes no ill effect
E) ​increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis
سؤال
​According to scientific evidence, the first organisms on Earth must have been ____.

A) ​aerobic
B) ​pathogenic
C) ​anaerobic
D) ​heterotrophs
E) ​multicellular
سؤال
A ____ is a disease-causing organism.

A) microbiota
B) pathogen
C) probiotic
D) antibiotic
E) prebiotic
سؤال
​The ____ is/are a plant's main line of defense against viral infection.

A) ​immune cells
B) ​viral toxins within the central vacuole
C) ​membrane proteins that latch onto virus particles
D) ​thick cell wall that prevents viral entry
E) ​nuclear membrane that is impermeable to viruses
سؤال
Bacteria ____.

A) are diploid organisms
B) produce gametes
C) have a life cycle that varies between unicellular stage and multicellular stage
D) have a single circular chromosome
E) lack both DNA and RNA
سؤال
Prokaryotic cells are ____.

A) found only in extreme habitats
B) the least common organisms on Earth
C) easily seen with the naked eye
D) stationary organisms
E) widespread on the planet
سؤال
​It is thought that viruses may have originated from cells because ____.

A) ​of their small size
B) ​they are pathogens
C) ​they can only replicate within a host cell
D) ​they do not have organelles
E) ​of their genetic material
سؤال
​____ allow bacteria to join together to transfer genes.

A) ​Flagella
B) ​Spores
C) ​Capsules
D) ​Pili
E) ​Cilia
سؤال
​Outbreaks of ____ in humans typically arise when a person comes in contact with an infected animal.

A) ​HIV
B) ​swine flu
C) ​bird flu
D) ​Ebola
E) ​herpes
سؤال
​The first eukaryotic cells were ____.

A) ​bacteria
B) ​archaea
C) ​protists
D) ​algae
E) ​fungi
سؤال
​Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved by the process of ____.

A) ​endosymbiosis
B) ​viral reassortment
C) ​transformation
D) ​decomposition
E) ​nitrogen fixation
سؤال
The theory that early metabolic reactions occurred in rocks near hydrothermal vents is known as the _____hypothesis.

A) RNA world
B) endosymbiont
C) iron-sulfur world
D) vital force
E) lightening-fueled
سؤال
​A coccus is a(n) ____.

A) ​rod-shaped bacterium
B) ​spherical bacterium
C) ​multicellular bacterial colony
D) ​spiral-shaped bacterium
E) ​bacteriophage
سؤال
​____ bacteria are found inside the roots of legumes, where they receive _____ from the host plant.

A) ​Thermophilic; water
B) ​Cyanobacteria; minerals
C) ​Nitrogen-fixing; carbohydrates
D) ​Methane-producing; minerals
E) ​Halophilic; carbohydrates
سؤال
Archaea ____.

A) have cell walls composed of cellulose
B) most commonly replicate by sexual reproduction
C) are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
D) are more closely related to bacteria than eukaryotes
E) have mitochondria
سؤال
​Anaerobic methanogens produce ____.

A) ​carbon monoxide
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​ammonia sulfide
D) ​methane
E) ​hydrogen sulfide
سؤال
Following infection of a white blood cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral reverse transcriptase produces a ____ copy of its RNA genome.

A) single-stranded DNA
B) double-stranded DNA
C) single-stranded RNA
D) double-stranded RNA
E) backward DNA
سؤال
​____ are believed to have once existed as independent prokaryotes.

A) ​Bacteriophages
B) ​Chloroplasts
C) ​Slime molds
D) ​Protists
E) ​Nuclei
سؤال
​A virus is most analogous to a(an) ____.

A) ​bank robber
B) ​carjacker
C) ​embezzler
D) ​attack dog
E) ​drug dealer
سؤال
_____, which occurs when two related viruses infect the same host at the same time, can lead to the emergence of new viral strains. Genetic isolation

A) DNA mutation
B) Cell lysis
C) Viral reassortment
D) Genetic isolation
E) Reverse transcription
سؤال
​All free viral particles contain _____.

A) ​a viral genome and a plasma membrane
B) ​both DNA and RNA protected by a viral envelope
C) ​RNA enclosed within a helical rod
D) ​a viral genome protected by a protein coat
E) ​a viral genome protected by a viral envelope
سؤال
Viral infections in plants often occur by the action of _____.

A) reverse transcriptase
B) disease vectors
C) bacteriophages
D) viral reassortment
E) host-cell DNA mutations
سؤال
​What is the function of bacterial flagella?

A) ​organization of the nuclear material
B) ​assisting in protein synthesis
C) ​energy production
D) ​locomotion
E) ​cell membrane construction
سؤال
​Foraminifera are predatory protists with a ____ shell, which is the ultimate source of _____.

A) ​silicon; oxygen
B) ​carbon; carbon dioxide
C) ​chitin; ozone
D) ​bicarbonate; chalk and limestone
E) ​calcium carbonate; chalk and limestone
سؤال
​Plasmodium is a(n)____.

A) ​apicomplexan
B) ​diatom
C) ​ciliate
D) ​dinoflagellate
E) ​flagellated protozoan
سؤال
​____ obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds.

A) ​Photoautotrophs
B) ​Chemoautotrophs
C) ​Photoheterotrophs
D) ​Chemoheterotrophs
E) ​Decomposers
سؤال
The fusion of gametes of malaria-causing Plasmodium takes place ____.

A) in the gut of a female mosquito
B) in the liver
C) in the salivary glands of a mosquito
D) inside white blood cells
E) inside red blood cells
سؤال
​Red algae ____.

A) ​are primarily marine organisms
B) ​are thought to have developed from green algae
C) ​contain xanthophylls as their main accessory pigments
D) ​are actually brown
E) ​are primarily freshwater organisms
سؤال
Flagellated protozoans possess a ____, layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane. Flagellated protozoans possess a ____, layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane.

A) pellicle
B) cilium
C) capsule
D) pilus
E) flagellum
سؤال
​Bacteria can exchange genes with other bacteria by a method called ____.

A) ​binary fission
B) ​transduction
C) ​conjugation
D) ​translation
E) ​transformation
سؤال
​The ____ of flagellated protozoans are analogous to the ____ of prokaryotes.

A) ​cytoskeleton; flagellum
B) ​endoplasmic reticulum; ribosome
C) ​fimbriae; Golgi body
D) ​pellicle; cell wall
E) ​cytoskeleton; plastid
سؤال
​Algins, thickening compounds used in the food industry, are obtained from ____.

A) ​foraminiferans
B) ​brown algae
C) ​dinoflagellates
D) ​red algae
E) ​green algae
سؤال
​The ____ produce bioluminescent molecules.

A) ​foraminiferans
B) ​apicomplexans
C) ​ciliates
D) ​dinoflagellates
E) ​euglenoids
سؤال
​Some bacteria in the deep oceans use iron as an energy source to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. These bacteria would be classified as ____.

A) ​chemoautotrophs
B) ​chemoheterotrophs
C) ​photoautotrophs
D) ​photoheterotrophs
E) ​decomposers
سؤال
Protists that are part of a(n) _____ are integrated with other cells but remain self-sufficient.

A) multicellular organism
B) colonial organism
C) contractile vacuole
D) algal bloom
E) pathogenic life cycle
سؤال
​Some archaea are extreme halophiles. This means that they thrive in ___ conditions.

A) ​high temperature
B) ​low temperature
C) ​high sulfur
D) ​high salt
E) ​high oxygen
سؤال
The ____ form of Plasmodium is transferred to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito.

A) merozoite
B) gametocyte
C) cyst
D) sporozoite
E) spore
سؤال
​Which is an example of a benefit attributed to bacteria?

A) ​Bacteria can cause food spoilage.
B) ​Many species of bacteria cause disease in humans.
C) ​Bacteria in the human gut and vagina prevent the growth of pathogens.
D) ​Bacteria break down excess vitamin K in the human large intestine.
E) ​Bacteria prevent decomposition by fungi.
سؤال
​Ciliates, such as Paramecium, are likely to be found in ____ or in the gut of mammalian grazers where they aid in the digestion of _____.

A) ​seawater; animal flesh
B) ​seawater and freshwater; plant material
C) ​freshwater; animal flesh
D) ​acidic hot springs; soil minerals
E) ​seawater and acidic hot springs; plant material
سؤال
​Genes that are exchanged between prokaryotes are contained in ____ molecules.

A) ​pili
B) ​plasmid
C) ​prokaryotic RNA
D) ​nuclear
E) ​protein
سؤال
Diatoms are characterized by ____ and are the source of economically useful_____.

A) calcium carbonate shells; ozone
B) calcium carbonate sheaths; petroleum
C) silica shells; diatomaceous Earth
D) silica sheaths; limestone
E) silica carbonate shells; diatomaceous Earth
سؤال
​Dinoflagellates typically have ____; some photosynthetic species live inside coral cells, which they supply with _____.

A) ​multiple pili; shelter
B) ​hundreds of cilia; essential nutrients
C) ​no flagella; minerals
D) ​one flagella; essential sugars
E) ​two flagella; essential sugars
سؤال
​You boil water that has been extracted from a swamp and find archaea that are still alive. These archaea are most likely ____.

A) ​halophiles
B) ​methanophiles
C) ​photophiles
D) ​thermophiles
E) ​chemophiles
سؤال
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​makes its own carbohydrates
سؤال
The ____ spend most of their lives as individual haploid organisms.

A) cellular slime molds
B) plasmodial slime molds
C) amoebas
D) multicelled protists
E) single-celled protists
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​lower the ocean's carbon dioxide concentration
سؤال
​____ is the best studied species of bacteria.

A) ​Rhizobium sp.
B) ​Prevotella copri
C) ​E. coli
D) ​G. lamblia
E) ​Agrobacterium sp.
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​membranous sac that contains interacting organic molecules
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​move by pseudopods
سؤال
​Agar is produced by ____.

A) ​brown algae
B) ​red algae
C) ​phycobilins
D) ​brown and red algae
E) ​red algae and phycobilins
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​disease-causing agent
سؤال
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​diverse lineage of eukaryotes
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​cause of malaria
سؤال
Match the prokaryote with the correct description.
a.halophiles
b.cyanobacteria
c.thermophiles
d.bacteria
e.methanogens
​These live in temperatures that are not usually conducive to life.
سؤال
The ____ protists may cause dysentery after drinking contaminated water. amoeba

A) dinoflagellate
B) apicomplexan
C) amoeba
D) ciliate
E) water mold
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​genetically distinct subtype of a particular microorganism
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​share a common ancestor with green plants
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​cause of algal blooms
سؤال
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​multicellular protist able to live in deep ocean water
سؤال
​The close relationship between ____ and animals can be seen in the similarity of these protists and sponges, simple animals.

A) ​cellular slime molds
B) ​choanoflagellates
C) ​diatoms
D) ​brown and red algae
E) ​flagellates protozoans
سؤال
Match the prokaryote with the correct description.
a.halophiles
b.cyanobacteria
c.thermophiles
d.bacteria
e.methanogens
​These produce methane.
سؤال
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​thrives in high salt conditions
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ملء الشاشة (f)
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Deck 14: Prokaryotes, Protists, and Viruses
1
____ are likely to provide hints about the Earth's early atmosphere.

A) Ancient rocks
B) Volcanic eruptions
C) Ancient rocks and volcanic eruptions
D) Meteorites and ancient rocks
E) Meteorites, volcanic eruptions, and ancient rocks
E
2
​____ may have been a source of organic monomers on early Earth.

A) ​Venus
B) ​Meteorites
C) ​Volcanoes
D) ​Stromatolites
E) ​Comets
B
3
​ _____, which probably evolved from infoldings of the plasma membrane, first appear in the fossil record about 1.8 million years ago.

A) ​Eukaryotes
B) ​Archaea
C) ​Plants
D) ​Bacteria
E) ​Photosynthesizers
A
4
It is hypothesized that ____ may have been the first informational molecule.

A) DNA
B) a protein
C) RNA
D) ozone
E) an amino acid
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5
​The earliest cells most likely ____.

A) ​were prokaryotic cells
B) ​did not have a nucleus but had membrane-bound organelles
C) ​used oxygen gas in order to thrive successfully
D) ​used energy from the sun
E) ​were multicellular
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6
​​Scientists hypothesize that ____ served as a primitive template for forming polymer chains from organic subunits, such as amino acids.

A) ​meteorites that landed in the oceans
B) ​clay particles in tidal flats
C) ​sulfur that precipitated out of hydrothermal vents
D) ​rusty rocks
E) ​magma spewed from early volcanic activity
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7
​Humans acquire their first microorganisms during ____.

A) ​fetal development
B) ​nursing
C) ​vaginal delivery
D) ​the first year of life
E) ​exposure to the air
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8
​Scientific evidence suggests that Earth had cooled enough for_____ to accumulate by 4.3 billion years ago.

A) ​carbon monoxide
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​oxygen
D) ​water
E) ​nuclei
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9
​Until the early 1800s, scientists believed that molecules of life could only be made _____.

A) ​by prokaryotes
B) ​by organisms with RNA genomes
C) ​inside hydrothermal vents
D) ​by protocells
E) ​inside living organisms
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10
​The appearance of _____ on Earth due to the action of photosynthetic bacteria occurred about 2.7 billion years ago.

A) ​water
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​ATP
D) ​oxygen
E) ​iron
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11
Experiments like those performed by Stanley Miller in the 1850s demonstrated that lightening-fueled atmospheric reactions could produce ____.

A) self-replicating DNA molecules
B) organic compounds required for life under artificial conditions
C) prokaryotic cells under artificial conditions
D) meteorites containing the building blocks of life
E) organic molecules in hydrothermal vents
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12
​____ are dome-shaped structures composed of layers of early cells and sediments.

A) ​Meteorites
B) ​Protocells
C) ​Stromatolites
D) ​Hydrothermal fossils
E) ​Protofossils
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13
​DNA is more stable than RNA for storing genetic information because ____.

A) ​uracil needed for RNA synthesis is far less common than thymine needed for DNA synthesis
B) ​RNA breaks more easily and accumulates more mutations than DNA does
C) ​DNA is easier to build from its component molecules
D) ​DNA requires less energy to construct than RNA does
E) ​RNA molecules are longer than DNA molecules and thus more prone to breakage
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14
What are the four main organic subunits found in all organisms?

A) protocell; fatty acids; nucleotides; simple sugars
B) amino acids; DNA; nucleotides; simple sugars
C) amino acids; fatty acids; RNA; simple sugars
D) amino acids; DNA; RNA; protocell
E) amino acids; fatty acids; nucleotides; simple sugars
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15
​Evidence supporting the lack of oxygen on early Earth includes _____.

A) ​the presence of early photosynthesizers
B) ​the immediate breakdown of organic molecules
C) ​the lack of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
D) ​the presence of iron oxidation on ancient rocks
E) ​the accumulation of ozone
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16
​Place the following hypothesized events of the beginning of life in their correct order. I
Organic polymers form
II
Inorganic molecules form
III
DNA-based cells form
IV
Organic monomers form
V
Protocells in the RNA world form

A) ​I, III, V, IV, II
B) ​II, I, IV, V, III
C) ​II, IV, I, V, III
D) ​IV, I, II, III, V
E) ​II, I, IV, V, III
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17
​____ may have been the ancestors of cellular life.

A) ​Circular RNA
B) ​Prokaryotic cells
C) ​Pseudocells
D) ​Lipid globules
E) ​Protocells
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18
​G. lamblia infection in the gut ____; therefore, some people may be benefited by the presence of this protist.

A) ​reduces the risk of parasitic worm infection
B) ​increases the likelihood of getting irritable bowel disease (IBD)
C) ​inhibits fat uptake from food
D) ​causes no ill effect
E) ​increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis
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19
​According to scientific evidence, the first organisms on Earth must have been ____.

A) ​aerobic
B) ​pathogenic
C) ​anaerobic
D) ​heterotrophs
E) ​multicellular
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20
A ____ is a disease-causing organism.

A) microbiota
B) pathogen
C) probiotic
D) antibiotic
E) prebiotic
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21
​The ____ is/are a plant's main line of defense against viral infection.

A) ​immune cells
B) ​viral toxins within the central vacuole
C) ​membrane proteins that latch onto virus particles
D) ​thick cell wall that prevents viral entry
E) ​nuclear membrane that is impermeable to viruses
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22
Bacteria ____.

A) are diploid organisms
B) produce gametes
C) have a life cycle that varies between unicellular stage and multicellular stage
D) have a single circular chromosome
E) lack both DNA and RNA
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23
Prokaryotic cells are ____.

A) found only in extreme habitats
B) the least common organisms on Earth
C) easily seen with the naked eye
D) stationary organisms
E) widespread on the planet
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24
​It is thought that viruses may have originated from cells because ____.

A) ​of their small size
B) ​they are pathogens
C) ​they can only replicate within a host cell
D) ​they do not have organelles
E) ​of their genetic material
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25
​____ allow bacteria to join together to transfer genes.

A) ​Flagella
B) ​Spores
C) ​Capsules
D) ​Pili
E) ​Cilia
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26
​Outbreaks of ____ in humans typically arise when a person comes in contact with an infected animal.

A) ​HIV
B) ​swine flu
C) ​bird flu
D) ​Ebola
E) ​herpes
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27
​The first eukaryotic cells were ____.

A) ​bacteria
B) ​archaea
C) ​protists
D) ​algae
E) ​fungi
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28
​Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved by the process of ____.

A) ​endosymbiosis
B) ​viral reassortment
C) ​transformation
D) ​decomposition
E) ​nitrogen fixation
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29
The theory that early metabolic reactions occurred in rocks near hydrothermal vents is known as the _____hypothesis.

A) RNA world
B) endosymbiont
C) iron-sulfur world
D) vital force
E) lightening-fueled
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30
​A coccus is a(n) ____.

A) ​rod-shaped bacterium
B) ​spherical bacterium
C) ​multicellular bacterial colony
D) ​spiral-shaped bacterium
E) ​bacteriophage
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31
​____ bacteria are found inside the roots of legumes, where they receive _____ from the host plant.

A) ​Thermophilic; water
B) ​Cyanobacteria; minerals
C) ​Nitrogen-fixing; carbohydrates
D) ​Methane-producing; minerals
E) ​Halophilic; carbohydrates
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32
Archaea ____.

A) have cell walls composed of cellulose
B) most commonly replicate by sexual reproduction
C) are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria
D) are more closely related to bacteria than eukaryotes
E) have mitochondria
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33
​Anaerobic methanogens produce ____.

A) ​carbon monoxide
B) ​carbon dioxide
C) ​ammonia sulfide
D) ​methane
E) ​hydrogen sulfide
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34
Following infection of a white blood cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral reverse transcriptase produces a ____ copy of its RNA genome.

A) single-stranded DNA
B) double-stranded DNA
C) single-stranded RNA
D) double-stranded RNA
E) backward DNA
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35
​____ are believed to have once existed as independent prokaryotes.

A) ​Bacteriophages
B) ​Chloroplasts
C) ​Slime molds
D) ​Protists
E) ​Nuclei
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36
​A virus is most analogous to a(an) ____.

A) ​bank robber
B) ​carjacker
C) ​embezzler
D) ​attack dog
E) ​drug dealer
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37
_____, which occurs when two related viruses infect the same host at the same time, can lead to the emergence of new viral strains. Genetic isolation

A) DNA mutation
B) Cell lysis
C) Viral reassortment
D) Genetic isolation
E) Reverse transcription
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38
​All free viral particles contain _____.

A) ​a viral genome and a plasma membrane
B) ​both DNA and RNA protected by a viral envelope
C) ​RNA enclosed within a helical rod
D) ​a viral genome protected by a protein coat
E) ​a viral genome protected by a viral envelope
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39
Viral infections in plants often occur by the action of _____.

A) reverse transcriptase
B) disease vectors
C) bacteriophages
D) viral reassortment
E) host-cell DNA mutations
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40
​What is the function of bacterial flagella?

A) ​organization of the nuclear material
B) ​assisting in protein synthesis
C) ​energy production
D) ​locomotion
E) ​cell membrane construction
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41
​Foraminifera are predatory protists with a ____ shell, which is the ultimate source of _____.

A) ​silicon; oxygen
B) ​carbon; carbon dioxide
C) ​chitin; ozone
D) ​bicarbonate; chalk and limestone
E) ​calcium carbonate; chalk and limestone
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42
​Plasmodium is a(n)____.

A) ​apicomplexan
B) ​diatom
C) ​ciliate
D) ​dinoflagellate
E) ​flagellated protozoan
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43
​____ obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds.

A) ​Photoautotrophs
B) ​Chemoautotrophs
C) ​Photoheterotrophs
D) ​Chemoheterotrophs
E) ​Decomposers
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44
The fusion of gametes of malaria-causing Plasmodium takes place ____.

A) in the gut of a female mosquito
B) in the liver
C) in the salivary glands of a mosquito
D) inside white blood cells
E) inside red blood cells
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45
​Red algae ____.

A) ​are primarily marine organisms
B) ​are thought to have developed from green algae
C) ​contain xanthophylls as their main accessory pigments
D) ​are actually brown
E) ​are primarily freshwater organisms
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46
Flagellated protozoans possess a ____, layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane. Flagellated protozoans possess a ____, layer of elastic proteins just beneath the plasma membrane.

A) pellicle
B) cilium
C) capsule
D) pilus
E) flagellum
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47
​Bacteria can exchange genes with other bacteria by a method called ____.

A) ​binary fission
B) ​transduction
C) ​conjugation
D) ​translation
E) ​transformation
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48
​The ____ of flagellated protozoans are analogous to the ____ of prokaryotes.

A) ​cytoskeleton; flagellum
B) ​endoplasmic reticulum; ribosome
C) ​fimbriae; Golgi body
D) ​pellicle; cell wall
E) ​cytoskeleton; plastid
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49
​Algins, thickening compounds used in the food industry, are obtained from ____.

A) ​foraminiferans
B) ​brown algae
C) ​dinoflagellates
D) ​red algae
E) ​green algae
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50
​The ____ produce bioluminescent molecules.

A) ​foraminiferans
B) ​apicomplexans
C) ​ciliates
D) ​dinoflagellates
E) ​euglenoids
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51
​Some bacteria in the deep oceans use iron as an energy source to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. These bacteria would be classified as ____.

A) ​chemoautotrophs
B) ​chemoheterotrophs
C) ​photoautotrophs
D) ​photoheterotrophs
E) ​decomposers
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52
Protists that are part of a(n) _____ are integrated with other cells but remain self-sufficient.

A) multicellular organism
B) colonial organism
C) contractile vacuole
D) algal bloom
E) pathogenic life cycle
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53
​Some archaea are extreme halophiles. This means that they thrive in ___ conditions.

A) ​high temperature
B) ​low temperature
C) ​high sulfur
D) ​high salt
E) ​high oxygen
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54
The ____ form of Plasmodium is transferred to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito.

A) merozoite
B) gametocyte
C) cyst
D) sporozoite
E) spore
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55
​Which is an example of a benefit attributed to bacteria?

A) ​Bacteria can cause food spoilage.
B) ​Many species of bacteria cause disease in humans.
C) ​Bacteria in the human gut and vagina prevent the growth of pathogens.
D) ​Bacteria break down excess vitamin K in the human large intestine.
E) ​Bacteria prevent decomposition by fungi.
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56
​Ciliates, such as Paramecium, are likely to be found in ____ or in the gut of mammalian grazers where they aid in the digestion of _____.

A) ​seawater; animal flesh
B) ​seawater and freshwater; plant material
C) ​freshwater; animal flesh
D) ​acidic hot springs; soil minerals
E) ​seawater and acidic hot springs; plant material
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57
​Genes that are exchanged between prokaryotes are contained in ____ molecules.

A) ​pili
B) ​plasmid
C) ​prokaryotic RNA
D) ​nuclear
E) ​protein
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58
Diatoms are characterized by ____ and are the source of economically useful_____.

A) calcium carbonate shells; ozone
B) calcium carbonate sheaths; petroleum
C) silica shells; diatomaceous Earth
D) silica sheaths; limestone
E) silica carbonate shells; diatomaceous Earth
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59
​Dinoflagellates typically have ____; some photosynthetic species live inside coral cells, which they supply with _____.

A) ​multiple pili; shelter
B) ​hundreds of cilia; essential nutrients
C) ​no flagella; minerals
D) ​one flagella; essential sugars
E) ​two flagella; essential sugars
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60
​You boil water that has been extracted from a swamp and find archaea that are still alive. These archaea are most likely ____.

A) ​halophiles
B) ​methanophiles
C) ​photophiles
D) ​thermophiles
E) ​chemophiles
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61
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​makes its own carbohydrates
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62
The ____ spend most of their lives as individual haploid organisms.

A) cellular slime molds
B) plasmodial slime molds
C) amoebas
D) multicelled protists
E) single-celled protists
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63
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​lower the ocean's carbon dioxide concentration
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64
​____ is the best studied species of bacteria.

A) ​Rhizobium sp.
B) ​Prevotella copri
C) ​E. coli
D) ​G. lamblia
E) ​Agrobacterium sp.
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65
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​membranous sac that contains interacting organic molecules
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66
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​move by pseudopods
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67
​Agar is produced by ____.

A) ​brown algae
B) ​red algae
C) ​phycobilins
D) ​brown and red algae
E) ​red algae and phycobilins
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68
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​disease-causing agent
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69
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
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70
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​diverse lineage of eukaryotes
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71
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​cause of malaria
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72
Match the prokaryote with the correct description.
a.halophiles
b.cyanobacteria
c.thermophiles
d.bacteria
e.methanogens
​These live in temperatures that are not usually conducive to life.
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73
The ____ protists may cause dysentery after drinking contaminated water. amoeba

A) dinoflagellate
B) apicomplexan
C) amoeba
D) ciliate
E) water mold
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74
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​genetically distinct subtype of a particular microorganism
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75
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​share a common ancestor with green plants
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76
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​cause of algal blooms
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77
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.amoebas
b.apicomplexan
c.dinoflagellates
d.green algae
e.red algae
f.foraminifera
​multicellular protist able to live in deep ocean water
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78
​The close relationship between ____ and animals can be seen in the similarity of these protists and sponges, simple animals.

A) ​cellular slime molds
B) ​choanoflagellates
C) ​diatoms
D) ​brown and red algae
E) ​flagellates protozoans
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79
Match the prokaryote with the correct description.
a.halophiles
b.cyanobacteria
c.thermophiles
d.bacteria
e.methanogens
​These produce methane.
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80
Matching
Match the following terms with the description to which they best correspond.
a.protist
b.prokaryote
c.photoautotroph
d.pathogen
e.protocell
f.halophile
g.strain
​thrives in high salt conditions
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