Deck 13: Processes of Evolution

Question 1

In 2000, 87 percent of the wild rat populations in Stadtlohn, Germany, was resistant to the poison bromadiolone. This indicates that ____was/were commonly used as rat poison(s) here, and the rat's resistance is an example of ____ selection.

A) warfarin; directional
B) bromadiolone; directional
C) both warfarin and bromadiolone; disruptive
D) neither warfarin nor bromadiolone; stabilizing
E) bromadiolone; disruptive

Answer 1

B

Question 2

​Any change in allele frequencies in a gene pool is called ____.

A) ​natural selection
B) ​macroevolution
C) ​microevolution
D) ​mutation
E) ​artificial selection

Answer 2

C

Question 3

​In sexually reproducing species, genetic variations are not passed onto offspring via ____.

A) ​mutation
B) ​crossing over
C) ​independent assortment
D) ​fertilization
E) ​mitosis

Answer 3

E

Question 4

​What is the best definition of a population?

A) ​a group of individuals of two different species that interact with each other
B) ​a group of interbreeding individuals from different geographical regions
C) ​a group of potentially interbreeding individuals of the same species regardless of where they live
D) ​a collection of different species living in the same area at the same time
E) ​a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in a given area

Question 5

​Traits with more than two distinct forms are ____.

A) ​polymorphic
B) ​dimorphic
C) ​codominant
D) ​heterozygous
E) ​homozygous

Question 6

​____ increases the frequency of adaptive mutations in a population over time.

A) ​Fitness
B) ​Natural selection
C) ​Artificial selection
D) ​Adaptive radiation
E) ​Macroevolution

Question 7

Natural selection drives changes in allele frequencies by influencing traits with a ____ basis.

A) genetic
B) nongenetic
C) asexual
D) lethal
E) intermediate

Question 8

​Individuals, such as veterinarians, who work closely with farm animals treated with antibiotics tend to carry ____ as a result.

A) ​lethal bacteria
B) ​bacteria vulnerable to all antibiotics
C) ​bacteria vulnerable to some antibiotics
D) ​bacteria resistant to Flavomycin^® but not vancomycin
E) ​more antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Question 9

​With ____ selection, the frequency of a favored allele will increase as a phenotypic variation becomes more adaptive.

A) ​directional
B) ​stabilizing
C) ​disruptive
D) ​frequent
E) ​mutational

Question 10

​Mutations that result in the death of the individual are known as ____.

A) ​beneficial
B) ​lethal
C) ​random
D) ​spontaneous
E) ​neutral

Question 11

​Which of the following is most likely the result of a neutral mutation?

A) ​fingerprint patterns
B) ​larger brains
C) ​standing upright
D) ​digestion of cellulose
E) ​fur

Question 12

​Environmental pressures result in a(n) ____ of adaptive alleles.

A) ​decrease in the frequency
B) ​increase in the frequency
C) ​assortment
D) ​removal
E) ​migration

Question 13

An allele's abundance within a population is referred to as ____ frequency.

A) allele
B) mutation
C) ratio
D) population
E) gene

Question 14

A 2013 investigation found "worrisome" amounts of ____ in 97 percent of the chicken meat in stores across the United States.

A) bacteria
B) antibiotics
C) viruses
D) vancomycin
E) DNA

Question 15

​How are new combinations of alleles introduced into chromosomes?

A) ​independent assortment in meiosis I
B) ​crossing over in meiosis I
C) ​breeding between the dominant individuals in the population
D) ​breeding between the recessive individuals in the population
E) ​independent assortment at meiosis II

Question 16

Fatter sociable weaver birds spend more time foraging where they are vulnerable to predation, are more attractive to predators, and are less likely to escape an attack. Conversely, thin birds risk starvation. Therefore, sociable weaver of an intermediate weight has a selective advantage. This is an example of ____ selection.

A) frequent
B) directional
C) disruptive
D) stabilizing
E) mutational

Question 17

​What is the original source of new alleles?

A) ​crossing over
B) ​independent assortment
C) ​fertilization
D) ​mutation
E) ​mitosis

Question 18

​_____ are hot spots for the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their spread to humans due to excessive use of antibiotics.

A) ​Hospitals
B) ​Laboratories
C) ​Farms
D) ​Doctor's offices
E) ​Landfills

Question 19

​A ____ mutation changes the DNA sequence but has no impact on the fitness of the individual.

A) ​beneficial
B) ​lethal
C) ​random
D) ​neutral
E) ​deleterious

Question 20

​All of the alleles in a population make up the ____.

A) ​species richness
B) ​species abundance
C) ​genome
D) ​gene pool
E) ​species diversity

Question 21

​A random change in allele frequency over time that is brought about by chance alone is known as ____.

A) ​genetic drift
B) ​gene flow
C) ​natural selection
D) ​disruptive selection
E) ​balanced polymorphism

Question 22

​In a population of rabbits, those able to outrun predators will survive to reproduce, eventually leading to a population of faster rabbits. This is an example of ____ selection.

A) ​directional
B) ​stabilizing
C) ​disruptive
D) ​mutational
E) ​restricted

Question 23

​What is one result of the bottleneck effect?

A) ​balanced alleles
B) ​heterozygosity
C) ​decreased genetic diversity
D) ​disruptive selection
E) ​random mating

Question 24

In a tropical forest, some leaves are dark green, and some are light green. In a population of caterpillars, homozygous dominant dark green caterpillars thrive eating the dark green foliage, while homozygous recessive light green caterpillars thrive eating light green foliage. However, heterozygous caterpillars of an intermediate color green are easily seen by birds and eaten, thus their numbers are far less than the dominants or recessives. This is an example of ____ selection.

A) directional
B) stabilizing
C) disruptive
D) frequent
E) mutational

Question 25

​Which population is more likely to be affected by genetic drift?

A) ​12 squirrels in a forest
B) ​49 herons in a colony
C) ​215 fleas on a dog
D) ​1350 mice in a house
E) ​3000 zebra in a herd

Question 26

​The movement of alleles among populations is called _____.

A) ​bottleneck
B) ​mutation
C) ​founder effect
D) ​gene flow
E) ​genetic drift

Question 27

​In Cameroon, seedcrackers have either small bills (adapted for feeding on soft sedge seeds) or large bills (adapted for feeding on hard sedge seeds). During competition for scarce resources, these birds primarily feed on the seeds for which they are best adapted. This is an example of ____ selection.

A) ​stabilizing
B) ​disruptive
C) ​frequent
D) ​directional
E) ​mutational

Question 28

The Old Order Amish in Lancaster County is descended from one man and woman and has an unusually high frequency of a recessive allele that causes Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. This is an example of ____.

A) a bottleneck
B) mutation
C) a founder effect
D) gene flow
E) genetic drift

Question 29

The following graphs show the frequency of the b+ allele over 20 generations in two populations of heterozygous flour beetles (data for a population of 10 individuals is shown in graph A; data for a population of 100 individuals is shown in graph B). Why does the frequency of the b+ allele increase in both populations?

A) b+ is a lethal allele.
B) b+ is a balanced polymorphism.
C) b+ is a fixed allele.
D) b+ allele is adaptive.
E) b+ is a neutral mutation.

Question 30

​A small Dutch population settled in South Africa in the 17th century and became known as Afrikaners. By chance, a few Dutch settlers carried the gene for Huntington's disease. Today, Huntington's disease occurs at a relatively high frequency in this population. This is an example of ____.

A) ​the bottleneck effect
B) ​the founder effect
C) ​gene flow
D) ​artificial selection
E) ​natural selection

Question 31

In the universal ABO blood grouping system, there are four phenotypes-A, B, AB, and O-which are determined by three different alleles. The presence of three alleles in the ABO blood grouping system is an example of ____.

A) a polymorphism
B) genetic drift
C) the bottleneck effect
D) a dimorphism
E) the founder effect

Question 32

​Many male birds will expend a great deal of energy building nests. Females will mate with the males who build the best nests. This is best described as an example of ____.

A) ​natural selection
B) ​sexual selection
C) ​runaway selection
D) ​an invasive species
E) ​disruptive selection

Question 33

​Heterozygotes for the sickle cell trait have an adaptive advantage in areas where malaria is prevalent. This is an example of ____.

A) ​a fixed allele
B) ​genetic drift
C) ​a balanced polymorphism
D) ​sexual selection
E) ​disruptive selection

Question 34

​Puppies born too large experience difficulties during birthing and tend to have respiratory and other problems. Puppies born too small often can't compete with their siblings for their mother's milk. Thus, puppies of intermediate size have a survival advantage. This is an example of ____ selection.

A) ​directional
B) ​stabilizing
C) ​disruptive
D) ​frequency
E) ​allelic

Question 35

​____ selection occurs when individuals choose mates with a particular desirable trait.

A) ​Stabilizing
B) ​Sexual
C) ​Artificial
D) ​Asexual
E) ​Disruptive

Question 36

​The observation that female lions prefer male lions with darker manes is an example of ____.

A) ​directional selection
B) ​disruptive selection
C) ​dominance
D) ​a sexual handicap
E) ​sexual selection

Question 37

​Overhunting of species, such as tigers, reduces their numbers and their genetic diversity. This is an example of _____.

A) ​a bottleneck
B) ​a mutation
C) ​a founder effect
D) ​gene flow
E) ​genetic drift

Question 38

The increased variability in the frequency of the b+ allele in the smaller flour beetle population in the given graph is an example of ____.

A) genetic drift
B) gene flow
C) the founder effect
D) a fixed allele
E) a dimorphic trait

Question 39

​Exposure of wild rat populations to warfarin led to the evolution of warfarin-resistant rats. These rats had a mutated version of the VKORC1 gene, indicating that ____ had occurred in these resistant rat populations.

A) ​extinction
B) ​stabilizing selection
C) ​microevolution
D) ​macroevolution
E) ​artificial selection

Question 40

Peahens prefer to mate with peacocks that have the brightest and largest tail displays. The peacock's tail is a disadvantage to the males, because it is large and cumbersome and hinders them from escaping from predators. Given these facts, why isn't the peacock's tail selected against by natural selection?

A) Peacocks lack the mutations to allow selection to work.
B) Only a few peacocks have large tail displays.
C) In spite of the disadvantage, peacocks with larger tails leave more offspring.
D) It is selected against, but because a peahen gives birth to so many males, the population is not greatly affected.
E) Peacocks do not reproduce sexually.

Question 41

​The appearance of lungs was a(n) ____ that drove the evolution of land vertebrates.

A) ​key innovation
B) ​fixed trait
C) ​inbred trait
D) ​clade
E) ​stabilizing allele

Question 42

​The fastest lions are able to catch prey, such as zebras; similarly, the fastest zebras are able to escape predatory lions. Over time, the lion and zebra populations become composed of faster and faster individuals. This is an example of ____.

A) ​mutualism
B) ​competition
C) ​coevolution
D) ​disruptive selection
E) ​sexual selection

Question 43

​In Lake Victoria, hundreds of cichlid fish species arose after the lake last dried up 12,400 years ago. This is an example of ____.

A) ​sympatric speciation
B) ​the founder effect
C) ​gene flow
D) ​genetic drift
E) ​allopatric speciation

Question 44

Which is an example of macroevolution?

A) conserved ancestral features of the modern-day coelacanth
B) the mass extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago
C) the evolution of humans from primates
D) the adaptations of flowering plants driven by changes in pollinator behavior
E) the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Question 45

​Two species of toads have been successfully interbred in a laboratory but do not hybridize in nature because one species mates in summer and the other mates in the fall. This is an example of ____ isolation.

A) ​reproductive
B) ​ecological
C) ​inbred
D) ​physical
E) ​genetic

Question 46

In the 16th century, a Spanish ship explored a Pacific Island that had a small mountain range separating it. Mice that were on the ship escaped onto the island on both sides of the mountain range. After decades of separation, the two populations developed different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in reproductive isolation that prevented any future interbreeding. This speciation event is an example of ____.

A) allopatric speciation
B) sympatric speciation
C) the founder effect
D) inbreeding
E) gene flow

Question 47

​Natural selection in the cichlid fish species of Lake Victoria occurred via ____.

A) ​extinction
B) ​phylogeny
C) ​cladistics
D) ​macroevolution
E) ​microevolution

Question 48

​When a physical barrier separates a population, leading to the evolution of new species on either side of the barrier, ____ has occurred.

A) ​sympatric speciation
B) ​allopatric speciation
C) ​directional selection
D) ​ecological isolation
E) ​behavioral isolation

Question 49

​In the case of the cichlid fish in Lake Victoria, ____ was the driving force of speciation.

A) ​artificial selection
B) ​fixed alleles
C) ​inbreeding
D) ​sexual selection
E) ​genetic drift

Question 50

​With the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, multiple niches that the dinosaurs once filled opened up and allowed mammals the opportunity to evolve and exploit those niches. This is an example of ____.

A) ​sympatric speciation
B) ​adaptive radiation
C) ​phylogeny
D) ​reproductive isolation
E) ​phylogenetic isolation

Question 51

​The preference of female cichlid fish for brightly colored blue or red males in Lake Victoria provides an example of ____.

A) ​sympatric speciation
B) ​sexual selection
C) ​allopatric speciation
D) ​reproductive isolation
E) ​ecological speciation

Question 52

A ____ is a structural modification that enables an individual to exploit his or her habitat more efficiently.

A) key innovation
B) mutation
C) morphological convergence
D) morphological divergence
E) homologous structure

Question 53

​The emergence of hundreds of Hawaiian honeycreeper species from a single flock introduced to this island archipelago millions of years ago is an example of ____.

A) ​behavioral isolation
B) ​morphological convergence
C) ​cladistics
D) ​adaptive radiation
E) ​sympatric speciation

Question 54

​The process of speciation always includes ____ isolation.

A) ​behavioral
B) ​temporal
C) ​reproductive
D) ​ecological
E) ​geographic

Question 55

Overhunting of the northern elephant seals left only 20 individuals, from which the modern population arose. As a result, each animal is most likely ____ for most alleles.

A) recessive
B) dominant
C) homozygous
D) heterozygous
E) codominant

Question 56

​One hallmark of speciation is ____.

A) ​lack of change in reproductive behaviors
B) ​a decrease in balanced polymorphisms
C) ​an increase in fixed alleles
D) ​decreased genetic diversity of populations
E) ​end of gene flow between populations

Question 57

​____ occurs when a change in chromosome number takes place in a single generation.

A) ​Sympatric speciation
B) ​Disruptive selection
C) ​Directional selection
D) ​Hybrid sterility
E) ​Allopatric speciation

Question 58

​A major change in evolutionary patterns over long periods of time is best described as ____.

A) ​macroevolution
B) ​microevolution
C) ​allopatric speciation
D) ​directional selection
E) ​sympatric speciation

Question 59

Over evolutionary time, flowering plants have evolved colors, odors, and nectar that attract pollinating insects, and the insects have evolved mechanisms that detect the changes in plants and to better collect pollen. This is an example of ____.

A) allopatric speciation
B) phylogenetic change
C) coevolution
D) a key innovation
E) sympatric speciation

Question 60

​The migratory patterns of many animals encourage ____.

A) ​a bottleneck
B) ​mutation
C) ​a founder effect
D) ​gene flow
E) ​genetic drift

Question 61

Matching
For each statement, select the graph that best represents the mode of selection described. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
stabilizing selection-extreme forms of a trait are eliminated, and an intermediate form is adaptive.

Question 62

For each statement, select the genetic evolutionary concept that best represents the description.
a. genetic drift
b. inbreeding
c. bottleneck
d. founder effect
e. fixed
f. gene flow
refers to an allele for which all members of a population are homozygous

Question 63

For each statement, select the genetic evolutionary concept that best represents the description.
a. genetic drift
b. inbreeding
c. bottleneck
d. founder effect
e. fixed
f. gene flow
reduction in population size so severe that it reduces genetic diversity

Question 64

Matching
For each statement, select the graph that best represents the mode of selection described. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
directional selection-the form of a trait at one end of a range of variation is adaptive.

Question 65

For each statement, select the genetic evolutionary concept that best represents the description.
a. genetic drift
b. inbreeding
c. bottleneck
d. founder effect
e. fixed
f. gene flow
the movement of alleles between populations

Question 66

____ is the study of a species' evolutionary history.

A) Natural selection
B) Taxonomy
C) Microevolution
D) Phylogeny
E) Convergent evolution

Question 67

​Phylogeny is most analogous to a ____.

A) ​family genealogy
B) ​burst of new computer technology
C) ​telescopic view of the early universe
D) ​traffic light
E) ​roller coaster

Question 68

For each statement, select the genetic evolutionary concept that best represents the description.
a. genetic drift
b. inbreeding
c. bottleneck
d. founder effect
e. fixed
f. gene flow
mating among close relatives

Question 69

​A group of organisms sharing a derived trait is known as a ____.

A) ​clade
B) ​taxon
C) ​tribe
D) ​community
E) ​population

Question 70

Matching
For each statement, select the graph that best represents the mode of selection described. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
distribution of traits in a population before selection occurs

Question 71

A cladogram can be viewed as "sets within sets" of derived traits. Which features distinguish the clade containing mice and humans from the other clades in this cladogram?

A) multicellular with legs
B) multicellular with hair
C) multicellular with a backbone
D) multicellular
E) multicellular with a backbone, legs, and hair

Question 72

For each statement, select the genetic evolutionary concept that best represents the description.
a. genetic drift
b. inbreeding
c. bottleneck
d. founder effect
e. fixed
f. gene flow
change in allele frequency due to chance alone

Question 73

​Hawaiian honeycreepers exhibit diverse beaks that allow them to feed on insects, flowers, and seeds in their different habitats. This is an example of ____.

A) ​a derived trait
B) ​convergent evolution
C) ​morphological convergence
D) ​morphological divergence
E) ​a key innovation

Question 74

​In the work that they do, scientists who study phylogeny are most like a ____.

A) ​police detective
B) ​medical doctor
C) ​carpenter
D) ​college professor
E) ​real estate agent

Question 75

​The use of phylogeny to determine evolutionary relationships has practical applications in ____.

A) ​preserving extinct species
B) ​tracking infectious disease
C) ​tracking migration patterns
D) ​raising livestock
E) ​managing invasive species

Question 76

A female horse can mate with a male donkey, but they will produce a mule that is sterile. This is an example of what type of isolation mechanism?

A) allopatric
B) physical
C) behavioral
D) reproductive
E) geological

Question 77

The branch points on a cladogram represent ____.

A) the species' extinction
B) derived characters
C) related clades
D) a common ancestor of two lineages
E) mass extinctions

Question 78

For each statement, select the genetic evolutionary concept that best represents the description.
a. genetic drift
b. inbreeding
c. bottleneck
d. founder effect
e. fixed
f. gene flow
When a small group of individuals found a new population, allele frequencies in the descendants differ from those in the original population.

Question 79

Matching
For each statement, select the graph that best represents the mode of selection described. ​
a.A
b.B
c.C
d.D
disruptive selection-a midrange form of a trait is eliminated, and extreme forms are adaptive.

Question 80

​Alligators more closely resemble lizards than birds; however, alligators and birds have four-chambered hearts, which lizards do not have. In this example, the four-chambered heart is a ____, which indicates that alligators are ____ related to birds than to lizards.

A) ​derived character; more closely
B) ​key innovation; more closely
C) ​derived character; more distantly
D) ​key innovation; not
E) ​homologous structure; more distantly