Deck 13: Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis

Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes a karyotype?

A) It is a display of all of the cell types in an organism.
B) It is an organized image of a cell's chromosomes.
C) It reveals the appearance of an organism.
D) It is a display of a cell's mitotic stages.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the human X chromosomes is correct?

A) It is present in every gametic cell of males and females.
B) It is the smaller than other chromosomes
C) It carries genes that influence an individual's biological sex.
D) It is referred to as an autosome.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If one of the autosomal pairs is examined, which of the following characteristics will the two chromosomes of the pair have in common?

A) length and DNA sequence
B) alleles and centromere position
C) loci and staining pattern
D) X-like shape and alignment on the metaphase plate

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A particular organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this organism?

A) It must be human.
B) It must be an animal.
C) It reproduces asexually.
D) It produces gametes with 23 chromosomes.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

A) The species is diploid and has 32 chromosomes per cell.
B) The species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell.
C) Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes.
D) A gamete from this species has four chromosomes.

Question 6

Many diploid organisms produce haploid gametes for reproduction. Which of the following best describes how the diploid number of chromosomes is restored in the offspring of these organisms?

A) DNA replication creates homologous chromosomes
B) independent assortment in meiosis allows random combinations of chromosomes
C) synapsis during prophase of meiosis I creates random combinations of alleles
D) fertilization combines chromosomes from each parent into resulting zygote

Question 7

A triploid cell contains three sets of homologous chromosomes. Which of the following describes the chromosomes in a triploid cell where n = 6?

A) The cell has 3 homologous pairs of chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis.
B) The cell has 12 total chromosomes at the end of mitosis.
C) The cell has 18 total chromosomes in 6 sets.
D) The cell has 24 sister chromatids when in prophase I.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about reproduction is correct?

A) Asexual reproduction, but not sexual reproduction, is characteristic of only plants and fungi.
B) In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit half of their nuclear genes to each of their offspring.
C) In asexual reproduction, offspring are produced by fertilization without meiosis.
D) Asexual reproduction produces only haploid offspring.

Question 9

The somatic cells of a particular plant each contain a total of 46 chromosomes. How do the chromosomes of this plant differ from the chromosomes of humans, who also have a total of 46?

A) This plant's sex cells would have 92 chromosomes when entering meiosis.
B) This plant's sex cells have chromosomes that can synapse with human chromosomes in the laboratory.
C) The genes on this plant's largest chromosome are significantly different than those on the largest human chromosome.
D) This plant is more like animals than like another plant that has 10 total chromosomes.

Question 10

A cell has completed meiosis I and the first cytokinesis, and is just beginning meiosis II. Which of the following statements describes its genetic contents?

A) It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
B) It has twice the DNA of the cell that began meiosis.
C) It has one-fourth the DNA and one-half the chromosomes as the cell that began meiosis.
D) It is genetically identical to the other cells produced by this cytokinesis.

Question 11

Which of the following phrases defines the term genome?

A) the complete set of an organism's polypeptides
B) the complete set of a species' polypeptides
C) The complete set of a species expressed traits
D) the complete set of an organism's genes and other DNA sequences

Question 12

Which of the following processes best describes the mechanism of gamete production in plants?

A) sporophytes produce gametes by meiosis
B) gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis
C) gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis
D) sporophytes produce gametes by mitosis

Question 13

Asexual reproduction occurs during which of the following processes?

A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) fertilization
D) the exchange of chromosomes between organisms of different species

Question 14

Which of the following processes will most likely produce a human zygote with 45 chromosomes?

A) an error during anaphase II while the sperm was produced
B) failure of the egg nucleus to fuse with the sperm nucleus
C) failure of an egg to complete meiosis II
D) incomplete cytokinesis after meiosis I in sperm production

Question 15

If a plant biologist succeeds in generating a single plant with a particularly desirable flower, which of the following approaches would be the most efficient way to generate more plants with this trait?

A) backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits and cross the two
B) breed this plant with a plant that does not flower
C) clone the plant
D) force the plant to self-pollinate

Question 16

Which of the following statements describes an example of alternation of generations?

A) A grandparent and grandchild each have dark hair, but the parent has blond hair.
B) A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces a spore by meiosis that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).
C) A diploid animal produces gametes by meiosis, and the gametes undergo fertilization to produce a diploid zygote.
D) A haploid plant produces gametes by meiosis and the gametes fuse to produce a new plant.

Question 17

Which of the following statements best describes homologous chromosomes?

A) They were inherited from the same parent.
B) They carry information for the same traits.
C) They carry the same alleles.
D) They align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II.

Question 18

The figure represents the nucleus of an animal cell about to enter mitosis. How many different chromosomes are present in the diagram?

A) 1
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16

Question 19

Quaking aspen trees usually reproduce by extending underground stems that then push aboveground and grow into trees. Sexual reproduction is not as common, but when it does happen, the haploid gametes have 19 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the cells of the underground stems?

A) 9
B) 19
C) 38
D) 76

Question 20

Which of the following characteristics are part of the sexual life cycle of most fungi but are not part of the sexual life cycles of plants or animals?

A) a unicellular haploid stage
B) fertilization
C) gametes
D) a zygote stage

Question 21

Which of the following processes occur during meiosis but not mitosis?

A) Haploid cells fuse to form diploid cells.
B) Haploid cells multiply into more haploid cells.
C) Diploid cells form haploid cells.
D) A diploid cell combines with a haploid cell.

Question 22

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that are in prophase of meiosis I?

A) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
B) The cells have the same number of chromosomes and half the amount of DNA.
C) The cells have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.
D) The cells have half the amount of cytoplasm and twice the amount of DNA.

Question 23

During which of the following processes do sister chromatids separate from each other?

A) during meiosis I only
B) during meiosis II only
C) during both mitosis and meiosis I
D) during both mitosis and meiosis II

Question 24

Multiple cells from the same species were isolated, the relative cohesion protein content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph. Refer to the graph to answer the following question. Which sample is consistent with a cell that has completed meiosis?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) Either I or II

Question 25

Multiple cells from the same species were isolated, the relative cohesion protein content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph. Refer to the graph to answer the following question. Which sample is consistent with a cell that is in metaphase I?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) Either I or II

Question 26

Cells from a diploid protist with n=1 are followed through mitosis and meiosis. The drawings in the figure below represent the chromosomes. Refer to the drawings and answer the following question(s). Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis?

A) I
B) II
C) IV
D) V

Question 27

Somatic cells of roundworms have four individual chromosomes per cell. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in an ovum from a roundworm?

A) four
B) two
C) eight
D) a diploid number

Question 28

For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.
I) Prophase I V. Prophase II
II) Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III) Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV) Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Haploid cells form containing joined sister chromatids.

A) III
B) IV
C) VII
D) VIII

Question 29

Multiple cells from the same species were isolated, the relative cohesion protein content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph. Refer to the graph to answer the following question. Which sample is consistent with a cell that has completed mitosis?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) Either I or II

Question 30

Multiple cells from the same species were isolated, the relative cohesion protein content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph. Refer to the graph to answer the following question. Which sample is consistent with a cell that is in telophase I?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) Either I or II

Question 31

Which of the following processes has just occurred when chiasmata can first be viewed under a microscope?

A) meiosis II
B) anaphase II
C) prophase I
D) the separation of homologs

Question 32

Multiple cells from the same species were isolated, the relative cohesion protein content for each type was determined, and the results were plotted on the graph. Refer to the graph to answer the following question. Which sample is consistent with a cell that is entering mitosis?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) Either I or II

Question 33

Which of the following events happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

A) Homologous chromosomes of a pair are separated from each other.
B) The chromosome number per cell remains the same.
C) Sister chromatids are separated.
D) Four daughter cells are formed.

Question 34

Cells from a diploid protist with n=1 are followed through mitosis and meiosis. The drawings in the figure below represent the chromosomes. Refer to the drawings and answer the following question(s). Which diagram represents anaphase II of meiosis?

A) I
B) III
C) IV
D) V

Question 35

For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.
I) Prophase I V. Prophase II
II) Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III) Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV) Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Cohesins at centromeres of sister chromatids breakdown.

A) III
B) IV
C) V
D) VII

Question 36

For the following question, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.
I) Prophase I V. Prophase II
II) Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II
III) Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II
IV) Telophase I VIII. Telophase II
Homologous chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the spindle.

A) I
B) II
C) IV
D) VI

Question 37

Which of the following statements describes the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell after telophase of meiosis I?

A) The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.
B) The cells are diploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.
C) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of a single chromatid.
D) The cells are haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

Question 38

Which of the following processes occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

A) chromosome replication
B) synapsis of chromosomes
C) alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate
D) condensation of chromosomes

Question 39

Cells from a diploid protist with n=1 are followed through mitosis and meiosis. The drawings in the figure below represent the chromosomes. Refer to the drawings and answer the following question(s). Which diagram represents prophase of mitosis?

A) I
B) III
C) IV
D) VI

Question 40

Cells from a diploid protist with n=1 are followed through mitosis and meiosis. The drawings in the figure below represent the chromosomes. Refer to the drawings and answer the following question(s). Which diagram represents metaphase of mitosis?

A) I
B) III
C) V
D) VI

Question 41

Which of the following results when homologous chromosomes cross over in meiosis?

A) Two sister chromatids get tangled, resulting in one re-sequencing its DNA.
B) Two sister chromatids exchange identical pieces of DNA.
C) Corresponding segments of non-sister chromatids are exchanged.
D) DNA repair machinery alters maternal alleles so they match paternal ones

Question 42

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of which of the following processes?

A) the random way each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
B) the random combinations of eggs and sperm during fertilization
C) the random distribution of the sister chromatids to the two daughter cells during anaphase II
D) the diverse combination of alleles that may be found within any given chromosome

Question 43

Which of the following explanations correctly describes a reproductive approach?

A) During mitosis, DNA replication occurs twice to insure each daughter cell contains a full set of chromosomes.
B) Mitosis, followed by cytokinesis, produces daughter cells that are genetically different from the parent cell, thus insuring variation within the population.
C) In asexual reproduction, a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.
D) Single-celled organisms can fuse their cells, to form new cells that are not identical to the parent cell.

Question 44

Two different species of protists living in a tide pool. Species A reproduces both sexually and asexually, and Species B reproduce only asexually. The pool gradually becomes infested with disease-causing viruses. Which species are more likely to survive in the changing environment?

A) Species A only
B) Species B only
C) Both species are equally likely to survive.
D) Neither species will be able to survive.

Question 45

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between mitosis and meiosis I in a diploid organism?

A) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis I.
B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, while homologous pairs of chromosomes separate in meiosis II.
C) DNA replication takes place prior to mitosis, but not before meiosis I.
D) Only meiosis I results in daughter cells that contain identical genetic information.

Question 46

For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes based on the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis?

A) 23
B) 46
C) about 1,000
D) about 8 million

Question 47

Which of the following statements describes a major difference between meiosis II and mitosis in a diploid animal?

A) Homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in meiosis II but not in mitosis.
B) Sister chromatids separate in mitosis, and homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis II.
C) Meiosis II occurs in a haploid cell, while mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
D) Crossing over of chromosomes takes place in meiosis II but not in mitosis.

Question 48

Crossing over of chromosomes normally takes place during which of the following processes?

A) meiosis II
B) meiosis I
C) mitosis
D) mitosis and meiosis II

Question 49

How does natural selection apply to sexual reproduction as opposed to asexual reproduction?

A) Sexual reproduction results in new gene combinations, some of which will have increased reproductive fitness.
B) Sexual reproduction results in more new mutations, some of which will be better adapted.
C) Sexual reproduction allows more offspring to be produced increasing odds of survival.
D) Sexual reproduction utilizes far less energy than asexual reproduction.

Question 50

During which of the following phases of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

A) anaphase II
B) prophase I
C) mitosis
D) anaphase I

Question 51

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is ________.

A) a sperm
B) an egg
C) a zygote
D) a somatic cell of a male

Question 52

Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Which of the following statements best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution?

A) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity and evolutionary pressures select against them.
B) In order for evolutionary pressures to affect sexually reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization.
C) Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, they have no mechanism to add genetic diversity for evolutionary pressures to act upon.
D) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.

Question 53

A (hypothetical) diploid organism has different genes that control wing length and wing color.
A female of this species with short blue-colored wings has a chromosome pair with two short-wing alleles and a second chromosome pair with one blue-wing allele and one orange-wing allele. The eggs from this individual will have which of the following combinations of alleles?

A) all of the eggs will have alleles for short blue-colored wings
B) all of the eggs will have alleles for short orange-colored wings
C) 1/2 of the eggs will have alleles for short blue-colored wings and ½ will have alleles for short orange-colored wings
D) 3/4 of the eggs have alleles for short blue-colored wings and ¼ of the eggs have alleles for short orange-colored wings.

Question 54

Which of the following statements describes one characteristic of each chromosome in a cell during the entire process of meiosis I?

A) Each chromosome is paired with a homologous chromosome.
B) Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined by a centromere.
C) Each chromosome consists of a single strand of DNA.
D) Each chromosome is joined with its homologous pair to form a synaptonemal complex.

Question 55

During which of the following processes do homologous pairs of chromosomes align adjacent to one another at the metaphase plate of a cell?

A) metaphase of mitosis
B) metaphase I of meiosis
C) telophase II of meiosis
D) metaphase II of meiosis

Question 56

Which of the following pairs of processes make the greatest contribution to genetic diversity between generations of a diploid insect?

A) random fertilization and cytokinesis
B) alternation of generations and crossing over
C) independent assortment and random fertilization
D) gametophyte fusion and mitotic division

Question 57

During which of the following processes does independent assortment of chromosomes occur?

A) in meiosis I only
B) in meiosis II only
C) in mitosis and meiosis I
D) in mitosis and meiosis II

Question 58

During which of the following phases of meiosis do centromeres split and sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles of the cell?

A) anaphase I
B) telophase I
C) anaphase II
D) telophase II

Question 59

A (hypothetical) diploid organism has different genes that control wing color and wing length. A female of this species has a paternal chromosome set containing one orange-wing allele and one long-wing allele and a maternal set containing one blue-wing allele and one short-wing allele. Which of the following types of eggs would she be expected to produce after meiosis?

A) All eggs will have maternal types of gene combinations.
B) All eggs will have paternal types of gene combinations.
C) Half the eggs will have maternal and half will have paternal combinations.
D) Each egg has a one-fourth chance of having either blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

Question 60

Which of the following processes facilitates the fastest way for animal species to adapt to a changing environment?

A) mutation
B) asexual reproduction
C) sexual reproduction
D) mitosis

Question 61

Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that ________.

A) sister chromatids separate during anaphase
B) DNA replicates before the division
C) the daughter cells are diploid
D) homologous chromosomes synapse

Question 62

The two homologs of a pair move toward opposite poles of dividing cell during ________.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis I
C) meiosis II
D) fertilization

Question 63

If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I will be ________.

A) 0.25x
B) 0.5x
C) x
D) 2x

Question 64

If we continue to follow the cell lineage from question 4, then the DNA content of a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II will be ________.

A) 0.25x
B) 0.5x
C) x
D) 2x