Deck 2: Communication and Personal Identity

Question 1

Many scholars argue that race:

A) can be determined scientifically through DNA testing.
B) is a valid means of defining individual and group identities.
C) is a socially constructed category.
D) explains differences in scores on intelligence tests.
E) is easy to measure.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Edmund is very attentive and supportive to his son Mylan when he is sober, but when Edmund drinks he often ignores his son and sometimes verbally abuses him. Mylan never knows which way his father will act. If the father is Mylan's primary care giver, Mylan is likely to develop which attachment style?

A) fearful
B) secure
C) anxious-ambivalent
D) dismissive
E) defensive

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The term ____, also called the looking-glass self, is based on Charles Cooley's poem.

A) reflected appraisal
B) direct definition
C) identity script
D) self-fulfilling prophecy
E) social comparison

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A key foundation for improving your self-concept is:

A) setting difficult goals to attain.
B) recognizing that the self is easy to transform.
C) keeping ideas about change vague and abstract.
D) knowing that you're the best you can be.
E) accepting the self as in process.

Question 5

Ego boundaries refer to:

A) ways we satisfy our needs for belonging.
B) where an individual stops and the rest of the world begins.
C) social standpoints such as race, class, and gender.
D) parenting patterns that teach us who we are and how to approach relationships.
E) communication styles we use in our relationships with others.

Question 6

All of the following are risks to self-disclosing communication except:

A) others may reject us
B) others may think less of us
C) others may violate our confidences
D) others may increase closeness with us
E) none of these

Question 7

The perspectives of the ____ other reflect the views generally held by others in a society.

A) emotional
B) generalized
C) moral
D) physical
E) social

Question 8

All of the following are guidelines for improving self-concept except:

A) make a firm commitment to personal growth
B) gain and use knowledge to support personal growth
C) set goals that are realistic and fair
D) seek contexts that support personal change
E) make a social comparisons.

Question 9

Psychologists define ____ as rules for living and identity.

A) attachment styles
B) identity scripts
C) reflected appraisals
D) social comparison
E) none of these

Question 10

Irene observes that on the most-recent test in her engineering class, only two students out of 60 earned higher scores than she did. She concludes that she is smarter than most of the others in class, at least in the subject of engineering. This is an example of a(n):

A) reflected appraisal.
B) direct definition.
C) identity script.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.
E) social comparison.

Question 11

____ were the first to use the term "white" to describe a racial group in the area that is now the United States.

A) Europeans when they colonized the United States
B) Native Americans when they first encountered white people
C) Slave owners in the eighteenth century
D) Africans in the eighteenth century when they were brought to the U.S.
E) Historians writing in the nineteenth century

Question 12

Members of his project group at work consistently comment on Ervin's excellent performance as team leader. Ervin begins to view himself as an effective leader and considers moving into a higher level management position. The process through which Ervin developed this sense of self at work is called:

A) reflected appraisal.
B) direct definition.
C) identity script.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.
E) social comparison.

Question 13

The views of ____ comprise the generalized other.

A) our family of origin
B) society as a whole
C) our peers in school
D) a person with whom we have an I-It relationship
E) the persons with whom we have the closest relationships

Question 14

Attachment styles are:

A) ways we satisfy our needs for belonging.
B) where an individual stops and the rest of the world begins.
C) social standpoints such as race, class, and gender.
D) parenting patterns that teach us who we are and how to approach relationships.
E) communication styles we use in our relationships with others.

Question 15

Nikki believes that she is lovable and that people are loving and can be trusted. Nikki has a(n) ____ attachment style.

A) secure
B) fearful
C) dismissive
D) anxious-ambivalent
E) none of these

Question 16

Girls and women are expected to be caring, whereas boys and men are expected to be

A) independent
B) supportive
C) cooperative
D) self-assertive
E) both independent and self-assertive

Question 17

"You are a very smart girl," Tammy tells her daughter. Tammy's statement is an example of a(n):

A) reflected appraisal.
B) direct definition.
C) identity script.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.
E) social comparison.

Question 18

Stanton is giving a speech for the first time. He thinks he is doing well, but his audience can tell that he is very insecure and nervous. This example can be categorized into which part of the Johari window.

A) Open area
B) Blind area
C) Hidden area
D) unknown area
E) Deceptive area

Question 19

In a study of both different and same sex couples, researchers found that couples in which both partners had __ attachment styles had the most mutually constructive communication.

A) anxious/ambivalent
B) fearful
C) secure
D) none of these
E) all of these

Question 20

Jenna believes that she doesn't have an aptitude for statistics, so doesn't put much effort into her statistics class. She performs poorly in the class, supporting her initial belief. This is an example of a(n):

A) reflected appraisal.
B) direct definition.
C) identity script.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.
E) social comparison.

Question 21

Fearfully attached individuals tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and experience less satisfaction with relationships than people with other attachment styles.

Question 22

Teachers, peers, and family members are all examples of particular others.

Question 23

Most psychologists believe that the basic identify scripts for our lives are formed before we even learn to talk.

Question 24

Mothers are more likely than fathers to challenge children and encourage them to achieve more.

Question 25

The attachment style an infant develops can change over the course of life.

Question 26

The ____ area contains information that others know about us but we don't know about ourselves.

A) open
B) blind
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 27

This type of attachment are individuals tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and experience less satisfaction with relationships than people with other attachment styles.

A) fearful
B) anxious/ambivalent
C) secure
D) dismissive
E) unknown

Question 28

The ____ area is made up of information about ourselves that neither we nor others know.

A) blind
B) open
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 29

Direct definitions, self-fulfilling prophecies, attachment styles, and identity scripts are all family influences on self-concept.

Question 30

According to your text, the author states that it is important to gain access to information in our blind and ____ areas

A) blind
B) open
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 31

The ____ area contains information that others know about us but we don't know about ourselves.

A) open
B) blind
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 32

The ____ area consists of your untapped resources, your untried talents, and your reactions to experiences you've never had. You don't know how you will manage a crisis until you've been in one, and you can't tell what kind of parent you would be unless you've had a child.

A) blind
B) open
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 33

The self has multiple dimensions.

Question 34

____ information is known both to us and to others. Your name, height, major, and tastes in music probably are open information that you share easily with others.

A) blind
B) open
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 35

Fathers are more likely than mothers to specialize in protecting children and emotionally reassuring them.

Question 36

An example of this area could be when others may see that we are insecure even though we think we've hidden that well. Others may also recognize needs or feelings that we haven't acknowledged to ourselves.

A) blind
B) open
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 37

Individualism is a key value in Western cultures.

Question 38

All of the following are panes of Johari Window EXCEPT:

A) open
B) blind
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 39

____ information is what we know about ourselves but choose not to reveal to most others.

A) open
B) blind
C) hidden
D) known
E) unknown

Question 40

Explain the concepts of self-sabotage.

Question 41

Today, as our society struggles with changes in women, men, and families, the ideals of manhood are being revised yet again.

Question 42

A study showed that children 31/2 to 7 years old have strong preferences for playing with other children of the different sex.

Question 43

"A good education is the key to success" is an example of identity scripts.

Question 44

Compare and contrast the four different areas of the Johari window and illustrate each area with an example. In your response, be sure to define each area.

Question 45

Self-disclosure necessarily involves risks, such as the risk that others will not accept what we reveal or that they might use it against us.

Question 46

Researchers who have studied parents' interactions with children conclude that fathers and mothers typically contribute in unique and valuable ways to their children's development and self-esteem.

Question 47

Where did the concept of "white people" come from?

Question 48

Recall the story about Ramu (the wolf boy) that was discussed in Chapter 1. Was Ramu human or not? Explain your answer in terms of George Herbert Mead's discussion of how humans develop and what it means to be a human self.

Question 49

Compare and contrast the four different styles of attachments and illustrate each style with an example. In your response, be sure to define attachment styles.

Question 50

Discuss the role of parents in socializing children. Name three differences on how fathers and mothers differ in the way they socialize with their children.

Question 51

Identify the following:
Ego boundaries

Question 52

The perspectives of the generalized other are revealed to us in three ways.

Question 53

The author of your text states that "social perspectives on the self are constructed and variable." What does that statement mean? Give examples of how social perspectives on the self are constructed, and how those perspectives are variable.

Question 54

Researchers found that people who are highly anxious about attachments are less likely to have relationship problems in collectivist cultures.

Question 55

It is important to gain access to information in our blind and unknown areas. One way to do this is to expand our experiences by entering unfamiliar situations, trying novel things, and experimenting with new kinds of communication.

Question 56

Mothers spend more time that fathers with the children in caretaking activities.

Question 57

The later bonds we have with others shapes how comfortable we feel getting close to others and how secure we feel in others' acceptance and commitment to us.

Question 58

Critical whiteness scholars point out that nonwhites are often identifies by their race, but whites seldom are.

Question 59

Homophobia or fear of homosexuals is particularly pronounced in the working class.

Question 60

Anxious/Ambivalent attachment style

Question 61

Discuss the influence of Particular Others and the Generalized Other in creating individuals' senses of identity. Incorporate concrete examples into your response.