Deck 8: Drugs Affecting the Nervous System: Analgesics, Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Anesthetics

Question 1

All of the alpha-2 agonists exhibit both alpha-1 and alpha-2 activity to some degree. Rank the alpha-2 agonists in order form those with the highest ratio of activity of alpha-2:alpha-1, to that with the lowest.

A)Detomidine>dexmedetomidine>xylazine
B)Xylazine>dexmedetomidine>detomidine
C)Dexmedetomidine>xylazine>detomidine
D)Dexmedetomidine>detomidine>xylazine

Answer 1

Dexmedetomidine>detomidine>xylazine

Question 2

Having a greater potency than morphine means a drug used to reduce pain

A)has a narrow margin of safety.
B)is more toxic.
C)has more side effects.
D)can be used at lower doses.

Answer 2

can be used at lower doses.

Question 3

Buprenorphine is an opioid analgesic that is considered to have both agonist and antagonist opioid receptor effects, which allows for the benefit of providing a long duration of effect with fewer adverse effects compared to other drugs in this class. Buprenorphine exhibits agonistic activity at the ___________ receptor, and antagonistic activity at the _____________ receptor.

A)( $\kappa$ (kappa), $\mu$ (mu))
B)( $\mu$ (mu), $\kappa$ (kappa))
C)( $\kappa$ (kappa), $\delta$ (delta))
D)(Both $\kappa$ (kappa) and $\theta$ (theta))

Answer 3

( $\mu$ (mu), $\kappa$ (kappa))

Question 4

By decreasing the inflammation process shortly after trauma

A)pain can be reduced.
B)pain can be postponed.
C)no effect on pain will occur.
D)pain will increase.

Question 5

Another name for a pain receptor is

A)transducer.
B)nociceptor.
C)proprioceptor.
D)antagonist.

Question 6

Several opioids such as butorphanol and buprenorphine exhibit a limited effect of analgesia regardless of the dose that is administered. This is a phenomenon called the ____________ effect.

A)tolerance
B)duration
C)ceiling
D)plateau

Question 7

The first step of the pain perception pathway involves the sensation of a noxious stimulus and the subsequent transmission of the painful signal. This process is known as

A)depolarization transmission.
B)pain perception.
C)stimulus transduction.
D)wind-up.

Question 8

Which opioid receptor is primarily responsible for the profound analgesia that is characteristic of these narcotics?

A)( $\mu$ )
B)( $\kappa$ )
C)( $\delta$ )
D)( $\alpha$ )

Question 9

Acepromazine is a commonly used phenylthiazine tranquilizer used often as a premedication in preparation for general anesthesia induction. Which of the following adverse effects has been discounted recently in regards to veterinary use?

A)Reduce the seizure threshold in dogs
B)Potential for causing penile prolapse in stallions
C)Use can confound results of allergic skin testing
D)Can cause dangerous hypotension in animals experiencing hemorrhage

Question 10

Two of the four known opioid receptors have the most significant in Veterinary medicine

A)Mu and kappa
B)Mu and delta
C)Mu and sigma
D)Delta and sigma

Question 11

Fentanyl patches should be applied over the shoulder area of dogs and cats because

A)fentanyl will be better absorbed there.
B)the skin is more sensitive there.
C)there is less chance for human contact there.
D)there is less chance of the animal ingesting it there.

Question 12

Sedative drugs that are members of the alpha-2 agonists include xylazine and dexmedetomidine. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs at their specific adrenergic receptor?

A)Increase peripheral vasoconstriction
B)Reduce norepinephrine in the synapse
C)Improve cardiac output by increasing heart stroke volume and heart rate
D)Increase bronchial dilation

Question 13

Fentanyl:

A)is less potent than morphine.
B)has a shorter duration of action than morphine.
C)is a weak mu agonists.
D)is not a controlled substance.

Question 14

Fentanyl transdermal patches

A)deliver consistent pain relief.
B)provide pain relief immediately upon application.
C)are dosed according to surface area of the patch.
D)can be applied without gloves.

Question 15

Which of the opioids is considered the standard to which all other opioids are compared in terms of analgesic effects, which are resulting from its primary activity at the µ (mu) receptor?

A)Hydromorphone
B)Hydrocodone
C)Fentanyl
D)Morphine

Question 16

_____________ is the naturally derived opiate drug that is used primarily for its pain alleviating properties.

A)Morphine
B)Codeine
C)Hydrocodone
D)Oxymorphone

Question 17

Of the following, which is a correct when considering topical or transdermal fentanyl delivery to veterinary patients.

A)Fentanyl doesn't readily penetrate human skin, so gloves aren't required
B)Disposal of fentanyl patch should be in a conventional household trash bin
C)Pets are safe to handle by family members 48 hours post-administration of topical fentanyl
D)Inadvertent exposure to fentanyl, either orally or topically, is considered a medical emergency

Question 18

When a painful injury occurs, it's not just those tissues that are directly damaged that stimulate pain receptors. Over time nearby cells become excessively sensitized and therefore are easily stimulated to detect pain. The resulting throbbing pain found areas near an injury are because of tissue ______________.

A)necrosis
B)hyperalgesia
C)hypoesthesia
D)resistance

Question 19

Modulation in the pain pathway is

A)translating a physical stimulus into excitement of a pain receptor.
B)transmission of the depolarization to a sensory nerve.
C)transmission of sensory depolarization wave up the spinal cord.
D)perception of pain on a conscious level.

Question 20

Opioids are classified as mixed agonist/antagonists meaning

A)they can be reversed.
B)they have opposing affects.
C)the drug affects the opioid receptors in different ways.
D)the drug only affects 1 type of opioid receptor.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a commonly encountered effect elicited by dissociatives such as ketamine?

A)Highly effective reliever of visceral pain
B)Increase in muscle rigidity, especially in felines
C)Anesthesia with the preservation of reflexes
D)Causes hallucinations in humans

Question 22

The ceiling effect of buprenorphine means

A)there is a maximum dose that can be used.
B)cats who receive it will be "high" as the ceiling.
C)it's maximum analgesic affect is less then morphine's maximum affect.
D)it's duration of action is longer than other drugs.

Question 23

After assisting with the delivery of a malpositioned calf, it is noticed that the Holstein newborne is not breathing properly. A drug that works by direct stimulation of the midbrain respiratory center is administered, and this successfully restores the calf's breathing. What is the name of this drug?

A)Atropine
B)Glycopyrrolate
C)Epineprhine
D)Doxapram
E)Lidocaine

Question 24

When discussing the subject of patient pain relief, it is important to understand the difference between analgesia and anesthesia. Analgesia involves the loss of _________, while anesthesia involves the loss of ________________.

A)inflammation, pain
B)wind-up, inflammation
C)pain, consciousness
D)anxiety, inhibition

Question 25

A client stumbled upon information that links the toxic compound contained in chocolate to a very similar medication that works to improve the function of the respiratory tract. His pet pug has been experiencing difficulty breathing lately while sleeping, and the client is considering giving his dog some milk chocolate before bed each night. Why is this a bad idea?

A)The extra calories in the milk chocolate are highly toxic
B)The theobromine in the chocolate causes bronchoconstriction
C)The theobromine in the chocolate is toxic to dogs in high doses
D)This isn't a bad idea