Deck 10: Experimental Design

Question 1

In a repeated measures design,

A)the possibility of order effects is eliminated.
B)participants are randomly assigned to conditions.
C)all subjects participate in all conditions.
D)fewer experimental conditions are used than in other designs.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A one-way experimental design

A)uses a single group of participants.
B)involves one independent variable.
C)tests a single hypothesis.
D)contains only one experimental condition.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

One drawback of measuring the dependent variable both before and after the independent variable is manipulated is

A)pretest sensitization.
B)carryover effects.
C)Type II error.
D)null findings.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A researcher designed an experiment in which four independent variables were manipulated. Which of the following is most likely to describe his design?

A)1 × 4
B)2 × 4
C)4 × 4
D)2 × 2 × 4 × 3

Question 5

To qualify as an experiment, a study must

A)measure observable behavior.
B)have at least two conditions.
C)use random assignment.
D)have at least two independent variables.

Question 6

Designs in which the dependent variable is measured both before and after the independent variable is manipulated are

A)randomized groups designs.
B)pretest-posttest designs.
C)matched-subjects designs.
D)two-way designs.

Question 7

Matched-subjects designs are used to

A)reduce the number of participants that are needed.
B)increase the similarity of the experimental groups.
C)reduce pretest sensitization.
D)make the experiment easier to conduct.

Question 8

Pretest sensitization occurs when

A)pretesting shows that the dependent variable is not sensitive enough to detect effects of the independent variable.
B)participants refuse to participate after completing the pretest.
C)pretesting reduces demand characteristics.
D)the pretest changes how participants respond to the independent variable.

Question 9

Factor is sometimes used as a synonym for

A)condition.
B)independent variable.
C)dependent variable.
D)level.

Question 10

A main effect is

A)the effect of a single independent variable.
B)the largest or most important effect in a study.
C)an interaction.
D)a predicted effect.

Question 11

A researcher randomly assigned participants to one of three groups. Each group was then tested under the same two conditions. This is an example of a ________ design.

A)multilevel randomized groups
B)matched participants
C)repeated measures
D)split-plot

Question 12

A between-within factorial design

A)has two independent variables.
B)has features of a randomized groups and repeated measures design.
C)is an expericorr factorial design.
D)is a cross-over design.

Question 13

In a 3 × 4 factorial design, _____ main effect(s)can be examined.

A)1
B)2
C)7
D)12

Question 14

In a two-way factorial design,

A)there is one main effect and two interactions.
B)there are two main effects and one interaction.
C)there are two main effects and two interactions.
D)the number of main effects and interactions depends on the number of conditions.

Question 15

A factorial design

A)has more than one dependent variable.
B)has two or more independent variables.
C)is also known as a two-way design.
D)is not a true experimental design.

Question 16

How many interactions are tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 design?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)8

Question 17

A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design has ________ condition(s).

A)1
B)3
C)7
D)12

Question 18

An experiment with three independent variables, each of which has two levels would be indicated as a _______ design

A)3 × 2
B)2 × 2 × 2
C)3 × 3 × 3
D)2 × 3

Question 19

The simplest possible mixed factorial design

A)is a 2 × 2 design.
B)has two conditions.
C)has one independent variable.
D)involves no random assignment.

Question 20

In a ________ design, participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more groups.

A)pretest-posttest
B)repeated measures
C)matched-participants
D)randomized groups

Question 21

What are some advantages of factorial designs over one-way designs?

Question 22

Independent variable is to participant variable as

A)randomized groups is to repeated measures.
B)manipulated is to measured.
C)cause is to effect.
D)main effect is to interaction.

Question 23

Tell how many independent variables with how many levels there are in each of the following factorial designs: (a)2 × 3, (b)2 × 4 × 4, (c)3 × 4 × 2.

Question 24

Researchers sometimes use the median-split procedure to

A)manipulate independent variables.
B)classify participants into groups based on scores on a participant variable.
C)assign participants to levels of an independent variable.
D)examine two main effects.

Question 25

When a significant interaction is obtained in a mixed or expericorr design,

A)the participant variable is a moderator variable.
B)main effects should never be interpreted.
C)the effect of the independent variable is essentially correlational.
D)main effects should be interpreted.

Question 26

When graphed, interactions appear as _________ lines.

A)nonparallel
B)curved
C)parallel
D)perpendicular

Question 27

Describe the basic types of factorial designs.

Question 28

Contrast and compare randomized groups, matched-participants, and repeated measures designs.

Question 29

What main effects and interactions can be tested in a factorial design with three independent variables? (Let's call the independent variables A, B, and C.)

Question 30

Which of the following is not a participant variable?

A)Self-esteem
B)Age
C)IQ
D)These are all participant variables.

Question 31

When the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable, a(n)________ is present.

A)between-within effect
B)correlation
C)main effect
D)interaction

Question 32

What is an expericorr (or mixed)factorial design?

Question 33

What are two ways of splitting participants into groups on the basis of a participant variable? Why are these methods discouraged?

Question 34

What are some advantages and disadvantages of pretest-posttest designs compared to posttest only designs?

Question 35

Distinguish between a main effect and an interaction.

Question 36

Why are researchers reluctant to conduct a median-split procedure to assign participants to groups?

A)Valuable information is lost.
B)The independent variable cannot be manipulated.
C)Interactions cannot be tested.
D)Error variance increases.

Question 37

When researchers want to examine how different kinds of people respond to an independent variable, what kind of design do they use?

A)Randomized groups
B)Multilevel
C)Expericorr
D)Split-plot

Question 38

What is a between-within factorial design?