Deck 48: Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes

Question 1

In contrast to the excretory system of annelids, the excretory system of insects:

A) has many openings on the body wall.
B) contains flame cells.
C) is not connected to the gut.
D) excretes uric acid from the rectum.
E) relies on diffusion across the body wall.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

One disadvantage in excreting urea rather than uric acid is that:

A) urea is more toxic than uric acid.
B) urea is less toxic than uric acid.
C) urea is excreted by respiratory structures.
D) urea requires more water for excretion.
E) urea is produced from ammonia, not nucleic acids.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Figure 48-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the structures in Figure 48-1 represents the nitrogenous waste urea?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Excretory systems maintain homeostasis through all of the following except:

A) adjusting the concentrations of various substances in body fluids.
B) removing excess water from the body.
C) adjusting body temperature.
D) ridding the body of harmful substances.
E) removing metabolic wastes from the body.

Question 5

The major function of the protonephridia in the flatworm is to:

A) conserve water.
B) conserve salts.
C) eliminate waste materials such as ammonia and urea.
D) eliminate excess water.
E) regulate the pH of the gastrovascular cavity.

Question 6

The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the:

A) skin.
B) gill.
C) metanephridium.
D) lung.
E) kidney.

Question 7

Figure 48-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The process represented at step A of Figure 48-1 is referred to as:

A) filtration.
B) secretion.
C) excretion.
D) deamination.
E) elimination.

Question 8

Figure 48-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Osmoconformers would most likely be found in:

A) estuaries.
B) coastal zones that receive freshwater.
C) freshwater.
D) terrestrial habitats.
E) open ocean waters.

Question 9

Deamination is a process that removes:

A) the amino group from amino acids.
B) the amino group from nucleic acids.
C) amines from the bloodstream.
D) amines from nucleic acids.
E) ammonia from blood.

Question 10

An animal adapted to life in a coastal environment where fresh water enters the ocean:

A) would have excretory structures to remove excess salt.
B) would have excretory structures to remove excess water.
C) would drink large amounts of water.
D) would likely be an osmoregulator.
E) More than one of these.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the Malpighian tubules is false?

A) Water and some solutes are transported into the Malpighian tubules via active transport.
B) The Malpighian tubules empty into the gut of the insect.
C) Water, some salts, and other solutes are reabsorbed into the hemolymph in the rectum.
D) The excretory system of an insect may contain up to several hundred Malpighian tubules.
E) The blind ends of the Malpighian tubules are bathed in hemolymph.

Question 12

The main point of entry of water into the blood of freshwater fishes is through:

A) the skin.
B) the gills.
C) the mouth.
D) the anus.
E) the eyes.

Question 13

Metanephridial organs are common in:

A) mollusks.
B) flatworms.
C) cnidarians.
D) sponges.
E) insects.

Question 14

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of animals?

A) amino acids
B) carbon dioxide
C) ammonia
D) water
E) sugars

Question 15

Which of the following relationships is correct?

A) insects: Malpighian tubules: urea as major nitrogenous waste
B) annelids: protonephridia: ammonia as major nitrogenous waste
C) freshwater fish: kidney: large volume of hypertonic urine
D) sharks: kidney: large volume of hypotonic urine
E) earthworm: kidney: ammonia as major nitrogenous waste

Question 16

Figure 48-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 48-1.Which compound is the primary nitrogenous waste product of amphibians?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 17

How do terrestrial animals prevent toxic accumulation of ammonia in their tissues?

A) They use ammonia in other metabolic processes.
B) They convert ammonia to less toxic forms.
C) They vent ammonia across the body wall.
D) They eliminate ammonia rather than excreting it.
E) Animals do not produce ammonia.

Question 18

The main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia is that:

A) protonephridia are involved in osmoregulation, while metanephridia are involved in excretion.
B) protonephridia consist of blind flame cells, while metanephridia consist of tubules open at both ends.
C) protonephridia are involved in excretion, while metanephridia are involved in osmoregulation.
D) protonephridia consist of tubules open at both ends, while metanephridia consist of blind flame cells.
E) protonephridia are found in annelids and metanephridia are found in flatworms.

Question 19

Figure 48-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which nitrogenous waste product would be least toxic to an embryo developing in the aqueous environment found inside a shelled egg?

A) ammonia
B) urea
C) uric acid
D) amino acids
E) purines

Question 20

Which of the following is not an advantage of uric acid excretion in terrestrial animals?

A) Uric acid can be excreted as a paste, thereby conserving water.
B) Uric acid is not toxic and can be safely stored.
C) Uric acid can be stored in the eggs of animals without harm to the embryos.
D) Uric acid is soluble in water and can be easily excreted.
E) Uric acid can be excreted along with feces in some animals.

Question 21

Which is the correct sequence of structures through which the filtrate would pass? 1)
Bowman's capsule
2)
Collecting duct
3)
Distal convoluted tubule
4)
Proximal convoluted tubule
5)
Ascending loop of Henle
6)
Descending loop of Henle

A) 1 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 2
B) 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 2
C) 1 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 2
D) 1 $\rightarrow$ 3 F $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 5
E) 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 2

Question 22

__________ directly deliver blood to the glomeruli.

A) Afferent arterioles
B) Efferent arterioles
C) Peritubular capillaries
D) Renal arteries
E) Renal venules

Question 23

Figure 48-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Marine cartilaginous fishes overcome water loss to their environments by:

A) having specialized chloride cells in their gills that prevent water loss.
B) having specialized chloride cells in their gills that continuously excrete salts.
C) storing urea in their body fluids, which causes them to be hypertonic to seawater.
D) producing very small quantities of urine.
E) drinking large quantities of freshwater.

Question 24

The ureters connect:

A) the bladder to the body exterior.
B) the kidney to the bladder.
C) the bladder to the urethra.
D) the kidney to the body exterior.
E) the kidney to the urethra.

Question 25

The efferent arterioles transport blood directly into the:

A) afferent arterioles.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) glomerulus.
D) peritubular capillaries.
E) renal artery.

Question 26

Trace the flow of urine through the following structures. 1)
Bladder
2)
Renal papilla
3)
Ureter
4)
Renal pelvis
5)
Urethra

A) 4 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 3
B) 1 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 5
C) 2 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 5
D) 2 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 5
E) 4 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 5

Question 27

What is the significance of having specialized epithelium and smooth muscle in the urinary bladder?

A) It helps reabsorb water.
B) It helps reabsorb salts.
C) It permits the diffusion of gases.
D) It is capable of shrinkage and stretching.
E) It protects the bladder from nitrogenous wastes.

Question 28

Which of the following does not contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in mammals?

A) sweat glands
B) the digestive system
C) lungs
D) specialized gill cells
E) the kidneys

Question 29

The renal medulla contains the:

A) renal pyramids.
B) Bowman's capsules.
C) distal convoluted tubules.
D) glomeruli.
E) proximal convoluted tubules.

Question 30

The main nitrogenous waste of adult amphibians is:

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) uric acid.
D) peptides.
E) purines.

Question 31

Figure 48-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
For a freshwater fish, the output from the kidney in Figure 48-2 would be:

A) a small volume of hypotonic urine.
B) a large volume of hypotonic urine.
C) a small volume of hypertonic urine.
D) a large volume of hypertonic urine.
E) a small volume of isotonic urine.

Question 32

The outermost region of the kidney is called the:

A) adventitia.
B) mucosa.
C) pelvis.
D) cortex.
E) medulla.

Question 33

Figure 48-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
For a marine fish, the output from the kidney in Figure 48-2 would be:

A) a small volume of hypotonic urine.
B) a large volume of hypotonic urine.
C) a small volume of hypertonic urine.
D) a large volume of hypertonic urine.
E) a small volume of isotonic urine.

Question 34

The high-pressure flow of blood through the glomerular capillaries:

A) allows little plasma to be filtered in the kidney.
B) is a result of the high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
C) is due to the large diameter of the efferent arterioles of the glomerular capillaries.
D) is due to the small surface area for filtration provided by the glomerular capillaries.
E) is due to the low permeability of the glomerular capillaries.

Question 35

Which portion of the renal tubule empties directly into the collecting duct?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) descending loop of Henle
E) ascending loop of Henle

Question 36

Figure 48-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The main nitrogenous waste of freshwater fishes is:

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) uric acid.
D) amino acids.
E) purines.

Question 37

The __________ is shorter in females than it is in males, which explains the greater likelihood of developing bladder infections in __________.

A) ureter; females
B) ureter; males
C) renal papilla; females
D) urethra; males
E) urethra; females

Question 38

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A) Juxtamedullary nephrons are more numerous than cortical ones.
B) Cortical nephrons do not have loops of Henle, while juxtamedullary ones do.
C) Juxtamedullary nephrons have larger glomeruli than do cortical ones.
D) Juxtamedullary nephrons do not have loops of Henle, while cortical ones do.
E) Juxtamedullary nephrons have more glomeruli than do cortical ones.

Question 39

Figure 48-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In a freshwater environment, what is the function of the structure on Figure 48-2 labeled A?

A) salt uptake
B) water gain by osmosis
C) drinking
D) removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes from the blood
E) release of nitrogenous wastes

Question 40

Figure 48-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In a marine environment, what is the function of the structure on Figure 48-2 labeled A?

A) salt excretion
B) water gain by osmosis
C) drinking
D) removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes from the blood
E) release of nitrogenous wastes

Question 41

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the production of ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

Question 42

Simple epithelial cells of the renal tubule have abundant __________ to increase the surface area for reabsorption and numerous __________ to provide energy for actively transporting materials.

A) microvilli; mitochondria
B) cilia; mitochondria
C) microvilli; Golgi complexes
D) cilia; Golgi complexes
E) cilia; capillaries

Question 43

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

A) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to sodium so more is reabsorbed.
B) It causes a high volume of less concentrated urine to be produced.
C) It increases aldosterone secretion.
D) It decreases renin secretion.
E) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so more is reabsorbed.

Question 44

Atrial natriuretic peptide has been found to:

A) decrease sodium secretion and increase blood pressure.
B) constrict afferent arterioles, decreasing the glomerular filtration rate.
C) be produced by the adrenal cortex.
D) inhibit sodium reabsorption by the collecting ducts by inhibiting secretion of aldosterone.
E) increase the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 45

Which of the following would increase the production of highly diluted urine?

A) decreased secretion of aldosterone
B) increased salt in the diet
C) decreased blood pressure
D) increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
E) increased sweat production

Question 46

The secretion of __________ is an important homeostatic mechanism involved in maintaining normal heart rhythm.

A) hydrogen ions
B) potassium
C) water
D) glucose
E) urea

Question 47

Podocytes are located in the wall of:

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) the glomerulus.
C) the peritubular capillaries.
D) the renal artery.
E) the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 48

Glomerular capillary walls and podocytes form a __________ that allows fluid and small solutes in plasma to pass through and become part of the filtrate.

A) glomerular filtrate
B) tubular transport
C) renal threshold
D) filtration membrane
E) filtration slits

Question 49

In which of the following is there a counterflow of filtrate?

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) loop of Henle
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) collecting duct
E) glomerulus

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true of filtration by the kidneys?

A) About 25% of the plasma passing through the glomerulus becomes part of the glomerular filtrate.
B) Solutes dissolved in the plasma, such as glucose, amino acids, and various salts, become part of the filtrate.
C) The normal glomerular filtration rate adds up to about 80 L every 24 hours.
D) Approximately 75% of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood through the renal tubules.
E) The filtration membrane prevents the passage of cells, but allows large molecules to pass through.

Question 51

Which of the following is only partially reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) glucose
B) amino acids
C) sodium ions
D) vitamins
E) nutrients

Question 52

Which of the following would not be secreted across the tubule?

A) ammonium ions
B) hydrogen ions
C) creatinine
D) carbon dioxide
E) penicillin

Question 53

Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed through the walls of the:

A) distal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) glomerulus.

Question 54

Which of the following would not be a component of normal urine?

A) water
B) urea
C) bile pigments
D) salts
E) glucose

Question 55

Which of the following statements about the loop of Henle is true?

A) The walls of the descending loop are relatively impermeable to water.
B) The walls of the descending loop are relatively permeable to sodium.
C) The walls of the ascending loop are relatively permeable to water.
D) The walls of the ascending loop are relatively permeable to sodium.
E) The loop of Henle is specialized to produce a low concentration of sodium chloride in the medulla.

Question 56

Secretion occurs mainly in the:

A) distal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) glomerulus.

Question 57

Low blood pressure would result in all of the following except:

A) a reduction in glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
B) a reduction in filtrate formation.
C) a reduction in urine formation.
D) a reduction in the number of filtration slits.
E) a stimulation of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.

Question 58

What are the vasa recta?

A) looped extensions of the afferent arterioles
B) looped extensions of the efferent arterioles
C) regions of the renal tubule
D) vessels that supply blood to the glomerulus
E) vessels that supply blood to the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 59

Diabetes insipidus results from an insufficient production of:

A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) angiotensin II.
D) ANP.
E) renin.

Question 60

When you drink a large volume of water, the release of __________ by the pituitary gland __________.

A) aldosterone; increases
B) aldosterone; decreases
C) ADH; increases
D) ADH; decreases
E) ANP; increases

Question 61

The nephridial organs of flatworms are called metanephridia.
____________________

Question 62

Filtrate flows from the proximal convoluted tubule directly into the distal convoluted tubule.
____________________

Question 63

Birds store most of their waste nitrogen as uric acid.
____________________

Question 64

MATCHING
Match the part of the human urinary system with its description.
a.Bowman's capsule
e.loop of Henle
b.collecting duct
f.proximal convoluted tubule
c.distal convoluted tubule
g.ureter
d.glomerulus
h.urethra
urine flows out of the body via this structure

Question 65

One of the direct products of deamination is urea.
____________________

Question 66

ADH makes the walls of the collecting duct more permeable to water.
____________________

Question 67

Urine flows from the ureters directly into the urethra.
____________________

Question 68

The renal medulla is the inner portion of the kidney.
____________________

Question 69

Compare and contrast the osmoregulatory challenges and solutions used by sharks and freshwater fishes.

Question 70

In humans, urea and uric acid are produced by the kidneys.
____________________

Question 71

Freshwater fishes excrete most of their nitrogenous wastes through the kidneys.
____________________

Question 72

The walls of the descending limb of the loop of Henle are relatively permeable to sodium.
____________________

Question 73

Blood flows from the efferent arterioles directly into the peritubular capillaries.
____________________

Question 74

Most reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule.
____________________

Question 75

Filtration slits are located between adjacent podocytes.
____________________

Question 76

Aldosterone is responsible for increasing the reabsorption of sodium.
____________________

Question 77

Compare and contrast osmoregulation of freshwater fish vs.marine fish.

Question 78

Insects have an excretory system consisting of Malphighian tubules.
____________________

Question 79

Sharks excrete a small volume of dilute urine.
____________________

Question 80

Briefly explain the role of Malpighian tubules in arthropods.