Deck 44: Internal Transport

Question 1

Figure 44-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following statements is not true concerning the fluid transported by the system depicted in Figure 44-1?

A) It accumulates in a blood cavity called a hemocoel.
B) It is also called hemolymph.
C) It can be found in grasshoppers.
D) It has hemoglobin as the oxygen transporting pigment.
E) It fills spaces called sinuses.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Types of proteins dissolved in the blood plasma include all of the following except:

A) gamma globulin
B) hemoglobin
C) fibrinogen
D) prothrombin
E) albumin

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A closed circulatory system usually consists of all of the following except:

A) blood.
B) pumping organ.
C) arteries
D) veins.
E) hemocoel.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Figure 44-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
An inadequate supply of which of the cells depicted in Figure 44-2 may be responsible for anemia?

A) cell type A only
B) cell type B only
C) cell type C only
D) cell type D only
E) both cell type A and cell type C

Question 5

Which of the following statements is false?

A) The tissues of arthropods are bathed with hemolymph, which delivers oxygen to their cells.
B) In an open circulatory system the heart is still responsible for pumping oxygen-rich fluid.
C) Earthworms have a central heart that pumps blood to all their tissues.
D) Blood vessels are found in the open circulatory systems common to some invertebrates.
E) Hemocyanin is the oxygen transport pigment found in the open circulatory system of invertebrates.

Question 6

The component in the highest concentration in plasma is __________.

A) water
B) plasma proteins
C) erythrocytes
D) leukocytes
E) salts

Question 7

Mammalian red blood cells:

A) are phagocytic.
B) contain a lobed nucleus.
C) have a one-day lifespan.
D) are produced in the liver.
E) are produced in response to erythropoietin.

Question 8

One difference between the erythrocytes of mammals and other vertebrates is:

A) mammal erythrocytes lack nuclei.
B) mammal erythrocytes respond to changes in water concentration.
C) mammal erythrocytes are oval with swollen centers.
D) other vertebrates do not have erythrocytes.
E) other vertebrates use a respiratory pigment other than hemoglobin.

Question 9

All of the requirements for diffusion are met when:

A) the surface of the organism is thin.
B) the surface to volume ratio is large.
C) the surface is moist.
D) the surface is thin and moist.
E) the surface is thin and moist, and the surface to volume ratio is large.

Question 10

Figure 44-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The oxygen transporting pigment found in the system depicted in Figure 44-1 is most likely:

A) hemoglobin.
B) hemolymph.
C) hemocyanin.
D) globulin.
E) erythropoietin.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a component of plasma?

A) erythrocytes
B) waste products
C) dissolved gases
D) salts
E) proteins

Question 12

Figure 44-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 44-2.Cell type__________ is/are primarily responsible for the release of histamine in injured tissues and in allergic responses.

A) A only
B) B only
C) C only
D) D only
E) A and cell type D

Question 13

The vertebrate circulatory system performs all of the following functions except:

A) transporting nutrients from storage areas.
B) transporting CO₂ to cells.
C) transporting hormones to target tissues.
D) helping to regulate fluid balance.
E) defending against microorganisms.

Question 14

Figure 44-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The type of system depicted in Figure 44-1:

A) can be found in arthropods.
B) can be found in cephalopods.
C) can be found in annelids.
D) has hemoglobin as the oxygen transporting pigment.
E) can be found in arthropods and annelids.

Question 15

Figure 44-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The type of system depicted in Figure 44-1 is:

A) an open circulatory system.
B) a vertebrate circulatory system.
C) a closed circulatory system.
D) a lymph system.
E) an open digestive system.

Question 16

Which of the following contributes to an erythrocyte's efficiency in distributing oxygen?

A) presence of mitochondria
B) biconcave shape
C) lobed nuclei
D) granules
E) extraordinarily large size

Question 17

In which animals would diffusion alone not be an effective transport mechanism for gas exchange?

A) nematodes
B) sponges
C) cnidarians
D) annelids
E) flatworms

Question 18

A vertebrate's circulatory system would not include:

A) a muscular heart.
B) blood vessels.
C) lymph vessels.
D) a hemocoel.
E) blood.

Question 19

Which of the following types of cells is not a leukocyte?

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) thrombocytes
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes

Question 20

Why doesn't a flatworm have a circulatory system?

A) The animal is thin enough to permit effective gas exchange by diffusion.
B) There is not enough room for a circulatory system because of the large gastrovascular cavity.
C) The animal lacks muscles, so it could not have a heart to pump blood.
D) Only bilaterally symmetrical animals need a circulatory system.
E) Only vertebrates have circulatory systems.

Question 21

Adding a fibrinogen inactivator to blood would:

A) prevent the formation of thrombin.
B) prevent platelet formation.
C) prevent the blood from clotting.
D) prevent constriction of the blood vessels.
E) prevent hemoglobin synthesis.

Question 22

Figure 44-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 44-2.Which cell type is the source of antibodies?

A) A only
B) B only
C) C only
D) D only
E) both A and B

Question 23

Blood pressure is regulated by all of the following except:

A) vasoconstriction.
B) vasodilation.
C) angiotensin.
D) aldosterone.
E) cortisone.

Question 24

Blood is routed through the capillary beds through the action of __________ at the metarterioles.

A) epithelium
B) precapillary sphincters
C) cartilage
D) fibrous connective tissue
E) skeletal muscle

Question 25

All arteries, with the exception of the __________, contain oxygen-rich blood.

A) aorta
B) carotid arteries
C) coronary arteries
D) pulmonary arteries
E) mesenteric arteries

Question 26

Which plasma protein(s) will be converted to an insoluble molecule immediately following a small cut on your finger?

A) serum
B) high-density lipoproteins
C) beta globulins
D) fibrinogen
E) gamma globulin

Question 27

Which of the following depicts the correct sequence of clot formation?

A) thrombin $\rightarrow$ prothrombin $\rightarrow$ fibrinogen $\rightarrow$ fibrin
B) prothrombin $\rightarrow$ thrombin $\rightarrow$ fibrinogen $\rightarrow$ fibrin
C) prothrombin $\rightarrow$ thrombin $\rightarrow$ fibrin $\rightarrow$ fibrinogen
D) prothrombin $\rightarrow$ thrombin $\rightarrow$ fibrin
E) prothrombin $\rightarrow$ thrombin $\rightarrow$ fibrinogen $\rightarrow$ erythrocytes

Question 28

The four-chambered heart first evolved among the:

A) arthropods.
B) birds.
C) nonavian reptiles.
D) mammals.
E) fishes.

Question 29

Following some minor surgery on a patient, the doctor notices that the patient's blood is not clotting properly.The best way to help this patient would be to give the patient an injection of:

A) a strong vasoconstrictor.
B) histamine.
C) heparin.
D) vitamin K.
E) erythropoietin.

Question 30

Which chemical, contained in the granules of basophils, helps prevent blood clot formation?

A) histamine
B) leukotrienes
C) prostaglandins
D) heparin
E) SRS-A

Question 31

Smooth muscle in the arteriole walls can vasoconstrict or vasodilate, which:

A) helps to regulate blood pressure.
B) helps to accelerate the flow of blood through the vessels.
C) prevents the back flow of blood into the tissues.
D) squeezes oxygen out of the blood.
E) adds strength to the blood vessels.

Question 32

A vein always carries:

A) blood to the heart.
B) blood from the heart.
C) oxygen-rich blood.
D) oxygen-poor blood.
E) blood rich in carbon dioxide.

Question 33

The characteristic that enables efficient gas exchange in capillaries is:

A) the very short total length of the capillaries.
B) their proximity to the heart.
C) thick walls of connective and muscle tissue.
D) walls that are only one cell thick.
E) vasoconstriction.

Question 34

What do veins have that arteries lack?

A) a tunica externa
B) oxygenated blood
C) an inner membrane of endothelium
D) blood flowing from the heart
E) valves

Question 35

Thrombocytes (platelets) are formed by:

A) cell division in the spleen.
B) disruption of a phagocyte.
C) fragmentation of the cytoplasm of a B lymphocyte.
D) small pieces pinched from very large cells in the bone marrow.
E) the release of granules from a neutrophil.

Question 36

The rapid onset of overproduction of immature white blood cells is known as:

A) anemia.
B) hemolytic anemia.
C) leukemia.
D) thrombocytopenia.
E) pernicious anemia.

Question 37

Figure 44-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
__________ are leukocytes that produce antibodies.

A) Lymphocytes
B) Basophils
C) Eosinophils
D) Monocytes
E) Neutrophils

Question 38

When a blood vessel is cut, why does vasoconstriction take place?

A) to expose collagen fibers to which platelets can adhere
B) to trigger the release of platelets from the surrounding tissues
C) to initiate the activation of thrombin
D) to entrap white blood cells
E) to reduce the flow of blood

Question 39

Figure 44-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following are agranular leukocytes?

A) neutrophils and basophils
B) basophils and eosinophils
C) monocytes and lymphocytes
D) eosinophils and lymphocytes
E) neutrophils and monocytes

Question 40

The advantages of a four-chambered heart is that it __________.

A) prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
B) prevents deoxygenated blood from entering the heart
C) allows better flow of blood to the tissues
D) prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and allows tissues to be bypassed
E) prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and allows better flow of blood to the tissues

Question 41

Figure 44-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
The __________ valve guards the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

A) tricuspid
B) bicuspid
C) semilunar
D) atrial
E) mitral

Question 42

Figure 44-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
Refer to Figure 44-3.A semilunar valve regulates blood flow into which structures?

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 5
C) 1 and 7
D) 2 and 7
E) 7 and 11

Question 43

Figure 44-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
The foramen ovale functions to:

A) permit blood to bypass the non-functional lungs in a fetus.
B) establish the basic heart rate.
C) prevent blood from flowing backward.
D) carry blood to the lungs.
E) transport poorly oxygenated blood.

Question 44

The semilunar valves:

A) prevent blood from moving from the atria back into the veins.
B) prevent blood from moving from the ventricles back into the atria.
C) prevent blood from moving from the arteries back into the ventricles.
D) prevent blood from moving backwards in the capillaries.
E) prevent blood from moving backward in the arteries.

Question 45

The first heart sound (lub) is produced by the closing of the __________ and __________ valves.

A) aortic semilunar; pulmonary semilunar
B) right atrioventricular; aortic semilunar
C) left atrioventricular; pulmonary semilunar
D) right atrioventricular; left atrioventricular
E) mitral; left atrioventricular

Question 46

The fluid-filled space that helps reduce the friction of a beating heart is called the:

A) endocardium.
B) pericardial cavity.
C) interventricular septum.
D) fossa ovalis.
E) auricle.

Question 47

Starling's law of the heart states that the heart pumps:

A) more forcefully when more blood is delivered to it.
B) more rapidly when less blood is delivered to it.
C) less forcefully when oxygen-rich blood is delivered to it.
D) slower when more blood is delivered to it.
E) slower when norepinephrine is secreted.

Question 48

Which of the following structures is considered to be the pacemaker of the heart?

A) atrioventricular node
B) sinoatrial node
C) atrioventricular bundle
D) Purkinje fibers
E) intercalated discs

Question 49

Figure 44-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
Refer to Figure 44-3.The structure labeled 7 is called the:

A) superior vena cava.
B) aorta.
C) pulmonary veins.
D) right atrium.
E) right ventricle.

Question 50

Choose the correct order of the chambers through which oxygen-poor blood flows in an amphibian heart.

A) atrium $\rightarrow$ ventricle $\rightarrow$ sinus venosus $\rightarrow$ conus arteriosus
B) atrium $\rightarrow$ conus arteriosus $\rightarrow$ ventricle $\rightarrow$ sinus venosus
C) sinus venosus $\rightarrow$ atrium $\rightarrow$ ventricle $\rightarrow$ conus arteriosus
D) conus arteriosus $\rightarrow$ atrium $\rightarrow$ sinus venosus $\rightarrow$ ventricle
E) ventricle $\rightarrow$ atrium $\rightarrow$ conus arteriosus $\rightarrow$ sinus venosus

Question 51

Arrange the following in the correct sequence for blood flow in humans. 1)
Right atrium
2)
Bicuspid valve
3)
Pulmonary arteries
4)
Aorta
5)
Lungs
6)
Left ventricle

A) 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 4
B) 1, 2, 6, 3, 5, 4
C) 1, 3, 5, 2, 6, 4
D) 2, 6, 3, 5, 4, 1
E) 2, 6, 5, 3, 4, 1

Question 52

Chordae tendineae:

A) hold the AV valves in place.
B) contract when the heart contracts.
C) are one part of the conductance system of the heart.
D) regulate blood flow into the ventricles.
E) are stretched during ventricular systole.

Question 53

Figure 44-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
Refer to Figure 44-3.The function of the structure labeled 14 is:

A) to stimulate the ventricles to contract.
B) to pump blood to the lungs.
C) to pump blood into the systemic circulation.
D) to receive blood from the systemic circulation.
E) to receive blood from the pulmonary circulation.

Question 54

Cardiac output is determined by:

A) blood volume.
B) venous return.
C) blood pressure.
D) stroke volume only.
E) stroke volume and heart rate.

Question 55

Figure 44-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). (Posterior View)
Refer to Figure 44-3.Which structure would carry blood to the systemic (body) circulation?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 6
D) 7
E) 14

Question 56

Blood pressure depends on:

A) the height and weight of an individual.
B) atrial volume and stroke rate.
C) blood flow and resistance of blood against the vessel walls.
D) total blood volume.
E) diastole and systole.

Question 57

The impulse that signals each heartbeat is conducted along which path? 1)
Atrioventricular node
2)
Bundle branches
3)
Sinoatrial node
4)
Atrioventricular bundle

A) 1 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 4
B) 1 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 2
C) 3 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 2
D) 3 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 1
E) 4 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 3

Question 58

During ventricular systole (contraction):

A) the ventricles relax.
B) blood flows from the ventricles into the atria.
C) the tricuspid and mitral valves are open.
D) blood flows from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta.
E) the atria contract.

Question 59

An electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) is a measure of the heart's:

A) electrical system.
B) blood flow to the body.
C) contraction rate.
D) blood flow to heart muscle.
E) pumping ability.

Question 60

When impulses are conducted through the heart, transmission is delayed at the __________ so that the __________ may contract before the __________.

A) sinoatrial node; atria; ventricles
B) sinoatrial node; ventricles; atria
C) atrioventricular bundle; atria; ventricles
D) atrioventricular node; ventricles; atria
E) atrioventricular node; atria; ventricles

Question 61

One purpose of the lymphatic system is to:

A) transport nutrients and oxygen.
B) drain excess fluid from connective tissues.
C) block the transport of blood proteins.
D) produce red blood cells.
E) deliver carbon dioxide to the heart.

Question 62

Interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries:

A) by diffusion.
B) by pinocytosis.
C) through pores in the lymph vessel walls.
D) due to the hydrostatic pressure of blood.
E) through slit-like openings between endothelial cells.

Question 63

Serum is plasma without the proteins involved in clotting.
____________________

Question 64

The hepatic portal system is a special blood circuit between the __________ and __________.

A) liver; spleen
B) kidney; liver
C) liver; intestine
D) kidney; heart
E) spleen; heart

Question 65

The coronary sinus drains blood directly into the:

A) inferior vena cava.
B) superior vena cava.
C) left atrium.
D) right atrium.
E) coronary arteries.

Question 66

Figure 44-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In Figure 44-4, the arrow most affected by blood pressure changes will be:

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 5
E) 6

Question 67

Blood pressure is highest in the __________.

A) veins
B) arteries
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) arterioles

Question 68

Figure 44-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Compare the structure and function of three of the following types of blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries.

Question 69

A blocked coronary sinus would block blood flow:

A) into the superior vena cava.
B) into the inferior vena cava.
C) into the pulmonary arteries.
D) returning from the pulmonary arteries.
E) returning from the coronary circulation.

Question 70

Lymphatic tissues include all of the following except:

A) tonsils.
B) lymph nodes.
C) parotid gland.
D) spleen.
E) thymus.

Question 71

Figure 44-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which arrows in Figure 44-4 represent fluid flow resulting from osmotic pressure?

A) 1, 2, 4
B) 1, 2, 5
C) 2, 3, 4
D) 2, 3, 5
E) 3, 4, 6

Question 72

An example of a(n) granular leucocyte is a monocyte.
____________________

Question 73

Describe the structure of representative vertebrate hearts from fish through mammals.Briefly explain the circulation pattern supported by one type of non-mammalian vertebrate heart.

Question 74

Eosinophils are filled with hemoglobin.
____________________

Question 75

You enjoy a lot of salt on your food.One of the long-term effects will be an increase in blood volume.The increase in blood volume will eventually result in all of the following except:

A) an increase in cardiac output.
B) an increase in blood pressure.
C) an increase in stroke volume.
D) an increase in the force of contraction of the heart.
E) an increase in body temperature.

Question 76

Figure 44-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Compare and contrast internal transportation as conducted by an open and closed circulatory system.Also, identify two animals representative of each type of circulatory system.

Question 77

To be diagnosed as having hypertension, you consistently will have a diastolic pressure of ______ mm Hg and a systolic pressure of _____ mm Hg.

A) 120; 80
B) 80; 120
C) 90; 140
D) 140; 90
E) 120; 73

Question 78

Figure 44-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 44-4.A significant decrease in the protein level of the blood will result in interstitial edema because the fluid movement along which arrow is decreased?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 79

What is the correct order for the following events that follow a nerve impulse along a sympathetic neuron, and which innervates the heart? 1)
G protein activates adenylyl cyclase
2)
Neuron releases norepinephrine
3)
Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase
4)
Receptor activates G protein
5)
Protein kinase phosphorylates Ca²⁺ channels
6)
Receptors activated on the membrane of the cardiac muscle

A) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6
B) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2, 6
C) 6, 2, 4, 1, 3, 5
D) 2, 6, 4, 1, 3, 5
E) 2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 5

Question 80

Due to recent changes in blood pressure guidelines, a reading of 120/80 is now considered to be:

A) a low normal reading.
B) a high normal reading.
C) prehypertensive.
D) hypotensive (too low).
E) very hypertensive (too high).