Deck 35: Stem Structure and Transport

Question 1

Periderm is produced by:

A) xylem.
B) cork cambium.
C) pith.
D) cortex.
E) phloem.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cork cambium and the tissues it produces are collectively known as:

A) periderm.
B) epidermis.
C) xylem.
D) pith.
E) cortex.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Secondary growth occurs as a result of the activity of which two lateral meristems?

A) vascular cambium and cork cambium
B) apical meristem and cork cambium
C) primary meristem and secondary meristem
D) periderm and cork cambium
E) apical meristem and vascular cambium

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not a function of stems?

A) modified for sexual reproduction
B) absorb nutrient minerals
C) produce new tissues
D) transport water and dissolved nutrient minerals
E) support leaves and flowers

Question 5

Figure 35-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding questions.
Which of the following is not true concerning the structure labeled 2 in Figure 35-2?

A) It is known as periderm.
B) It is produced by cork cambium (not shown).
C) It is composed largely of primary tissue.
D) It is composed largely of cells that are dead at maturity.
E) It is commonly called outer bark.

Question 6

In monocots such as palms considerable increase in girth is achieved by:

A) secondary growth.
B) primary growth.
C) a modified form of primary growth in which parenchyma cells divide and enlarge.
D) enlargement of primary xylem.
E) enlargement of primary phloem.

Question 7

Unlike herbaceous eudicot stems, monocot stems do not have distinct areas of cortex and pith.Instead, their __________ functions as the cortex and pith.

A) endodermis
B) ground tissue
C) meristem
D) vascular cambium
E) periderm

Question 8

Cells produced on the inside of the vascular cambium differentiate to form which vascular tissue?

A) cork cambium
B) primary phloem
C) primary xylem
D) secondary phloem
E) secondary xylem

Question 9

The outermost cell layer of herbaceous stems is the:

A) bark.
B) cortex.
C) endodermis.
D) epidermis.
E) periderm.

Question 10

Figure 35-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding questions.
The function of the structure labeled 1 in Figure 35-2 is:

A) the formation of pith.
B) protection.
C) conduction of water and dissolved minerals from the roots.
D) conduction of sugars from the leaves.
E) photosynthesis.

Question 11

__________ is the functional replacement for the epidermis.

A) Xylem
B) Periderm
C) Pith
D) Cortex
E) Periderm

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the cortex is true?

A) It secretes a protective layer of cutin.
B) It is at the core of the herbaceous eudicot stem.
C) It is filled with cork cells.
D) It translocates sugar by means of a pressure gradient.
E) It may contain collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

Question 13

Figure 35-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding questions.
The structure labeled 3 in Figure 35-2 is:

A) the secondary xylem.
B) formed by the division of the vascular cambium.
C) found adjacent to the pith.
D) usually referred to as wood.
E) the cork cambium.

Question 14

__________ are responsible for absorption and anchoring of a plant, while __________ are involved in photosynthesis.

A) Roots; leaves
B) Stems; leaves
C) Leaves; reproductive structures
D) Reproductive structures; stems
E) Roots; pollen

Question 15

Which of the following statements about monocots is true?

A) They lack sclerenchyma tissue.
B) They have a well-developed vascular cambium.
C) They do not produce bark.
D) Their lateral meristems give rise to wood.
E) Secondary growth occurs rather slowly.

Question 16

Dissolved sugars are transported in:

A) cork cambium.
B) epidermis.
C) pith.
D) phloem.
E) xylem.

Question 17

At the core of an herbaceous eudicot stem is:

A) pith.
B) collenchyma.
C) sclerenchyma.
D) vascular cambium.
E) phloem.

Question 18

The thin layer of meristematic cells located between xylem and phloem is referred to as the:

A) apical meristem.
B) collenchyma.
C) cork cambium.
D) vascular cambium.
E) pith.

Question 19

One function of cortical parenchyma cells is:

A) photosynthesis.
B) to provide structural support and strength.
C) to produce cutin.
D) to conduct water and nutrient minerals.
E) to conduct sugars.

Question 20

Vascular cambium gives rise to which of the following tissues?

A) primary phloem
B) periderm
C) epidermis
D) secondary xylem
E) cork cambium

Question 21

Water moves from a region of __________ water potential to a region of __________ water potential.

A) more positive; less positive
B) less positive; more positive
C) less negative; more negative
D) more negative; less negative
E) more negative; zero

Question 22

Figure 35-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Dendrochronology can be useful in determining:

A) the dates of past earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
B) future climate patterns.
C) the solution to global warming.
D) how tree growth affects air pollution.
E) the time of day.

Question 23

Water is capable of rising to the tops of the tallest trees due to all of the following except:

A) the hydrogen bonds among water molecules.
B) the cohesiveness of water molecules.
C) the adhesion of water to the walls of xylem cells.
D) the evaporative pull of transpiration.
E) root pressure.

Question 24

Concentric rings found in the wood of the trees are known as:

A) summer rings.
B) spring rings.
C) annual rings.
D) dendrochrons.
E) pith rings.

Question 25

Embryonic shoots located at the tips of stems are called __________, while those located in the angle between leaves and stems are known as __________.

A) nodes; internodes
B) axillary buds; terminal buds
C) terminal buds; axillary buds
D) axillary buds; lateral buds
E) bud scales; bud scale scars

Question 26

Figure 35-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Functional secondary xylem that conducts water and dissolved minerals is known as:

A) softwood.
B) springwood.
C) hardwood.
D) sapwood.
E) heartwood.

Question 27

Figure 35-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The basswood in Figure 35-3 is __________ years old.

A) 0
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 28

Figure 35-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Lenticels function to:

A) protect undeveloped embryonic shoots.
B) allow the diffusion of oxygen into woody stems.
C) support leaves and flowers.
D) absorb water and dissolved nutrient minerals.
E) anchor a plant in the ground.

Question 29

Before being loaded into the phloem for translocation, the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis must be converted into which molecule?

A) glucose
B) fructose
C) maltose
D) sucrose
E) galactose

Question 30

Figure 35-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The age of the twig in Figure 35-1 is __________ years.

A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 5

Question 31

Sapwood develops from __________.

A) secondary xylem
B) secondary phloem
C) primary phloem
D) primary xylem
E) cork parenchyma

Question 32

Figure 35-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Softwood is the wood:

A) found at the center of a tree.
B) of cone-bearing gymnosperms.
C) of flowering plants.
D) formed when water is abundant.
E) formed when water is less abundant.

Question 33

Figure 35-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding questions.
Secondary xylem contains all of the following cell types except:

A) tracheids.
B) vessel elements.
C) sieve tube elements
D) fibers.
E) parenchyma.

Question 34

Which of the following statements about heartwood is false?

A) It functions in conduction.
B) It is a storage site for waste products.
C) It is resistant to decay.
D) It provides structural support.
E) It is located in the center of a tree.

Question 35

Figure 35-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding questions.
Although the same cell types can be found in both primary and secondary phloem, which type of cell is usually more abundant in secondary phloem?

A) parenchyma
B) fibers
C) vessel elements
D) companion cells
E) sieve tube members

Question 36

Figure 35-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The structure labeled __________ in Figure 35-1 is formed in the leaf scars by vascular tissue that extends from the stem out into the leaf.

A) 5
B) 6
C) 7
D) 8
E) 9

Question 37

__________ is the wood of flowering plants and __________ is the wood of conifers.

A) Hardwood; softwood
B) Summer wood; spring wood
C) Softwood; hardwood
D) Spring wood; summer wood
E) Heartwood; softwood

Question 38

In woody plants, the horizontal transport of materials occurs through:

A) lenticels.
B) pith.
C) pith rays.
D) phloem fiber caps.
E) rays.

Question 39

Figure 35-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which structure in Figure 35-3 is responsible for lateral transport of dissolved sugars in this woody plant?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 7
D) 8
E) 9

Question 40

Xylem transports water and dissolved nutrient minerals in which direction?

A) upward
B) downward
C) inward laterally
D) outward laterally
E) both upward and downward

Question 41

Identify four external features of a woody twig and briefly explain the function and/or origin of each.

Question 42

When cells of the vascular cambium divide, they produce xylem toward the outside.
____________________

Question 43

A growth ring is composed of xylem.
____________________

Question 44

Water is transported vertically through the plant via the process of translocation.
____________________

Question 45

Hardwood is the wood of gymnosperms.
____________________

Question 46

Immediately inside the epidermis of a eudicot stem is the pith.
____________________

Question 47

The loading of dissolved sugars into the sieve tube elements of phloem is:

A) passive transport.
B) active transport.
C) osmosis.
D) simple diffusion.
E) facilitated diffusion.

Question 48

__________ is the predominant photosynthetic product carried in phloem.

A) Glucose
B) Cellulose
C) Sucrose
D) Maltose
E) Fructose

Question 49

Guttation results from __________.

A) water pressure
B) transpiration pull
C) osmotic pressure
D) root pressure
E) sink-to-source transport.

Question 50

In a plant, most water is transported vertically by being pushed to the top.
____________________

Question 51

In the very center of a monocot stem is found pith.
____________________

Question 52

Compare and contrast the structure of an herbaceous eudicot stem and that of a monocot.

Question 53

According to the pressure-flow hypothesis:

A) water moves from an area of positive water potential to an area of negative water potential.
B) the evaporative pull of transpiration produces tension at the top of the plant.
C) the flow of sugar is driven by a hydrostatic pressure gradient produced by water entering the phloem.
D) pressure is created by the movement of water into the roots from the soil.
E) the column of water pulled up through the plant is unbroken due to cohesive and adhesive properties.

Question 54

Diagram and label a cross section of 1) a woody stem before the vascular cambium becomes active and 2) a woody stem from the same plant after the vascular cambium has been active for a considerable length of time.

Question 55

Bundle scars would be found within a leaf scar.
____________________

Question 56

Sugar is translocated in phloem from a source, or an area of __________, to a sink, or an area of __________.

A) low sugar concentration; high sugar concentration
B) high sugar concentration; low sugar concentration
C) positive water potential; negative water potential
D) negative water potential; positive water potential
E) low pressure; equally low pressure

Question 57

Periderm is the functional replacement of the bark.
____________________

Question 58

In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are arranged in a circle.
____________________

Question 59

Sapwood is functional secondary xylem.
____________________

Question 60

Using severed aphid mouthparts, scientists have verified that in most species the phloem translocates mostly __________, but that __________ may also be translocated.

A) glucose; amino acids
B) glucose; sugar alcohols
C) glucose; cellulose and starch
D) sucrose; raffinose and sorbitol
E) sucrose; glucose

Question 61

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
Cortex is composed of this tissue.

Question 62

Sugars are loaded into sieve tubes via simple diffusion.
____________________

Question 63

Explain how dissolved sugar is transported in the phloem by means of a pressure gradient.

Question 64

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
This tissue replaces the epidermis in woody plants.

Question 65

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
If you were to take a cross section of a tree from the tropics, would you be able to determine the accurate age of the tree? Why or why not?

Question 66

Sucrose is translocated from source to sink.
____________________

Question 67

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
Pith is composed of this tissue.

Question 68

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
This tissue is sandwiched in between the xylem and phloem.

Question 69

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
This tissue is found on the inside half of a vascular bundle.

Question 70

One reason that water is able to form unbroken columns is because water molecules are cohesive.
____________________

Question 71

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
In a monocot, this tissue surrounds the vascular bundles.

Question 72

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
How is it possible for water to defy gravity and travel from the roots to the tops of plants? Use the tension-cohesion model to explain your answer.

Question 73

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
This tissue produces cork cells.

Question 74

MATCHING
Match the tissue with the appropriate description.
a.cork cambium
e.periderm
b.cork parenchyma
f.phloem
c.epidermis
g.vascular cambium
d.ground tissue
h.xylem
This tissue is covered by a cuticle.