Deck 25: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

The volume of a typical bacterium is about __________ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.

A) equal to
B) a half
C) a tenth
D) a hundredth
E) a thousandth

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

A) binary fission.
B) transformation.
C) transduction.
D) conjugation.
E) mitosis.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Figure 25-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Gram-positive bacteria would stain __________ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of __________ in their cell walls.

A) green; peptidoglycan
B) purple; peptidoglycan
C) green; cellulose
D) purple; polysaccharides
E) red; polysaccharides

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Prokaryotes have their genetic information stored in:

A) several small, circular pieces of DNA.
B) a single, small, circular piece of DNA.
C) a large, linear piece of DNA.
D) several small, linear pieces of DNA.
E) a large, circular piece of DNA.

Question 5

Figure 25-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
What is the function of the structure labeled A in Figure 25-1?

A) to adhere to surfaces or other bacteria
B) to prevent phagocytosis
C) support and protection in hypotonic conditions
D) transmission of DNA between bacteria
E) locomotion

Question 6

Figure 25-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by:

A) an efficient water pump.
B) a tough cell membrane.
C) pumping large quantities of salts into the cell.
D) a rigid cell wall.
E) a stiff capsule.

Question 7

Penicillin works most effectively against gram-positive bacteria because:

A) penicillin affects cell membranes.
B) they have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, and penicillin affects the synthesis of peptidoglycans.
C) they have special protein channels that allow penicillin to enter the cell and halt the cell cycle.
D) they are smaller than gram-negative bacteria and, thus, easily take up penicillin by diffusion.
E) they contain prophages that negatively interact with penicillin.

Question 8

Rod-shaped bacteria are called:

A) streptococci.
B) bacilli.
C) diplococci.
D) vibrio.
E) spirochete.

Question 9

Even though bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

A) the nuclear membranes.
B) the endoplasmic reticulum.
C) the plasma membrane.
D) ribosomes.
E) the cell wall.

Question 10

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

A) efficient use of their flagella.
B) ameboid motion.
C) their capsule.
D) changing their cell wall structure.
E) eliminating the use of a membrane.

Question 11

Bacteria:

A) are incapable of locomotion.
B) move by means of pili
C) move by means of cilia.
D) move by means of a rotating flagella.
E) move by means of a whiplike flagella.

Question 12

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

A) reproduction.
B) motility.
C) viral resistance.
D) antibiotic resistance.
E) photosynthesis.

Question 13

Figure 25-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The structure in Figure 25-1 labeled C is:

A) a ribosome.
B) the plasma membrane.
C) the capsule.
D) the cell wall.
E) the flagellum.

Question 14

A chain of round bacteria would be called:

A) spirilla.
B) diplococci.
C) bacilli.
D) streptococci.
E) streptobacilli.

Question 15

Pili are involved in adhesion of bacterial cells to a substrate or host, or in transmission of __________ between bacteria.

A) ribosomes
B) cytoplasm
C) vectors
D) RNA
E) DNA

Question 16

The walls of bacteria contain peptidoglycan, which is:

A) lipids crosslinked with sugars.
B) sugars crosslinked with proteins.
C) a protein.
D) a lipid.
E) a polysaccharide.

Question 17

Small circles of DNA called __________ exist in addition to the bacterial chromosome.

A) capsids
B) plasmids
C) chromatids
D) pili
E) centromeres

Question 18

Which of the following statements about bacteria is false?

A) A small percentage of bacteria are pathogenic.
B) Some bacteria can photosynthesize.
C) Bacteria are important decomposers.
D) Bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms.
E) Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and then nitrates that can be used by plants.

Question 19

Small hairlike structures on the surface of bacteria are called:

A) capsids.
B) pili.
C) chromatids.
D) plasmids.
E) virons.

Question 20

__________ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.

A) Transformation
B) Transduction
C) Conjugation
D) Binary fission
E) Budding

Question 21

Identify and briefly discuss two ecological roles filled by bacteria.

Question 22

Compare and contrast the metabolic diversity of bacteria in one of the two groups below.
A.
Obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerobes
B.
Autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria

Question 23

__________ are dormant structures formed by bacteria in response to adverse environmental conditions.

A) Capsids
B) Endospores
C) Exotoxins
D) Endotoxins
E) Heterocysts

Question 24

The dense cytoplasm of the prokaryote contains ribosomes and storage granules.
____________________

Question 25

A(n) __________ bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen.

A) facultative aerobic
B) facultative anaerobic
C) facultative autotrophic
D) obligate aerobic
E) obligate anaerobic

Question 26

The Archaea differ from the Bacteria and eukaryotes by having different __________ in their cell membranes, but the Archaea are similar to eukaryotes in their __________ process.

A) sugars; replication
B) sugars; transcription
C) lipids; replication
D) lipids; translation
E) proteins; transcription

Question 27

Woese and his co-workers demonstrated that the Archaea were different from the Bacteria because of differences noted in their:

A) mechanism of cellular respiration.
B) preferred habitats.
C) signature sequences of SSU rRNA.
D) ability to utilize oxygen..
E) resistance to antibiotics.

Question 28

The most significant difference between the Archaea and the Bacteria is:

A) lack of a nuclear envelope in the Archaea.
B) the absence of the 70S ribosomes in the Bacteria.
C) the presence of a single filament flagellum in the Bacteria.
D) the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea.
E) the presence of fatty acids in the plasma membranes of the Archaea.

Question 29

Bacterial __________ cause systemic symptoms such as fever, whereas bacterial __________ cause more specific maladies.

A) phages; prophages
B) prophages; phages
C) endotoxins; exotoxins
D) exotoxins; endotoxins
E) exotoxins; phages

Question 30

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

A) photoautotroph.
B) parasite.
C) saprotroph.
D) chemoautotroph.
E) pathogen.

Question 31

Most bacteria are:

A) photoheterotrophs.
B) chemoheterotrophs.
C) autotrophs.
D) heterotrophs.
E) chemoautotrophs.

Question 32

__________ are Archaea that are typically found in abnormally hot environments.

A) Extreme halophiles
B) Extreme thermophiles
C) Pyrrhanogens
D) Methanogens
E) Psychrophiles

Question 33

The first bacterium that was clearly identified as the cause of an infectious disease was:

A) Legionella pneumophila, which causes Legionnaires' disease.
B) Chlamydia sp., which causes pelvic inflammatory disease in women.
C) Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism.
D) Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera.
E) Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax.

Question 34

The energy parasite Chlamydia is known to:

A) eradicate males from a population.
B) convert males into females.
C) cause infected females to lay eggs that develop without fertilization.
D) reduce the number of males in a population.
E) lack peptidoglycan in cell wall.

Question 35

Koch's postulates include all the following except:

A) when a sample of a pure culture is injected into a healthy host, it causes the same disease.
B) a sample of the microorganism from a diseased host can be grown in pure culture.
C) the microorganism can be recovered from an experimentally infected host.
D) the microorganism must be visible in the electron microscope.
E) the pathogen must be present in every individual with the disease.

Question 36

The most familiar prokaryotes belong to the:

A) Fungi.
B) Archaea.
C) Protista.
D) Bacteria.
E) Viroids.

Question 37

One unique characteristic associated with some of the extreme halophilic Archaea is that:

A) they are found at deep-sea vents on the sea floor.
B) they are a source of most known antibiotics.
C) they have photosynthetic ability involving a purple bacteriorhodopsin pigment.
D) they fix atmospheric nitrogen that is then used by plants.
E) most form symbiotic associations.

Question 38

The symbiotic bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) supply the plant with the nitrogen it needs in the form of nitrates.
B) are motile bacteria.
C) are Rhizobial bacteria.
D) are soil-dwelling bacteria.
E) digest wood.

Question 39

Which of the following statements concerning biofilms is FALSE?

A) They are formed by bacteria living in a watery environment.
B) They enable bacteria to attach to solid surfaces.
C) They are usually less than 2 $\mu$ m thick.
D) An example is dental plaque.
E) They may develop on surgical implants.

Question 40

Which of the following statements concerning an F factor is FALSE?

A) It is found in recipient cells, not donor cells.
B) It is a DNA sequence.
C) It is found in F⁺ cells.
D) The F stands for fertility.
E) It is involved with forming sex pili.

Question 41

Gram-negative cell walls have an outer membrane that contains lipids and peptidoglycans.
____________________

Question 42

Transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes.
____________________

Question 43

Prokaryotes have a nucleus which contains DNA.
____________________

Question 44

MATCHING
Match the group of bacteria with the description
a.resemble fungi
d.lack cell walls
b.waxy cell wall
e.contain chlorophyll
c.lack proteoglycan in cell walls
Describe endotoxins and exotoxins.What effects do they each have on infected persons?

Question 45

After an endospore forms, the cell membrane of the original cell lyses, releasing the endospore.
____________________

Question 46

In transduction, two prokaryotic cells of different mating types come together and genetic material is transferred from one cell to another.

Question 47

MATCHING
Match the group of bacteria with the description
a.resemble fungi
d.lack cell walls
b.waxy cell wall
e.contain chlorophyll
c.lack proteoglycan in cell walls
Actinomycetes

Question 48

MATCHING
Match the group of bacteria with the description
a.resemble fungi
d.lack cell walls
b.waxy cell wall
e.contain chlorophyll
c.lack proteoglycan in cell walls
Mycobacteria

Question 49

Bacteriad chemoautotrophs use organic chemicals as an energy source.
____________

Question 50

MATCHING
Match the group of bacteria with the description
a.resemble fungi
d.lack cell walls
b.waxy cell wall
e.contain chlorophyll
c.lack proteoglycan in cell walls
Cyanobacteria

Question 51

MATCHING
Match the group of bacteria with the description
a.resemble fungi
d.lack cell walls
b.waxy cell wall
e.contain chlorophyll
c.lack proteoglycan in cell walls
Chlamydia

Question 52

MATCHING
Match the group of bacteria with the description
a.resemble fungi
d.lack cell walls
b.waxy cell wall
e.contain chlorophyll
c.lack proteoglycan in cell walls
Mycoplasma

Question 53

MATCHING
Match the group of bacteria with the description
a.resemble fungi
d.lack cell walls
b.waxy cell wall
e.contain chlorophyll
c.lack proteoglycan in cell walls
Discuss the distinction between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.In the laboratory, how is this determined? What are differences between these two groups of bacteria?

Question 54

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by the processes of binary fission, budding, and transformation.

Question 55

Bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance.
____________________