Deck 5: Biological Membranes

Question 1

Which of the following functions best explains the reason for the asymmetrically oriented structure of the proteins in the cell membrane?

A) These proteins are manufactured by free ribosomes.
B) Each type of protein has its own function.
C) These proteins pass through the ER membrane into the ER lumen.
D) Enzymes are needed to modify the carbohydrate chains on these proteins.
E) These proteins are initially formed by ribosomes on the rough ER.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A key discovery that weakened the Davson-Danielli "sandwich" model of cell membranes was that:

A) membrane proteins form a solid sheet on either side of the phospholipid bilayer.
B) membrane proteins form a solid sheet separating the phospholipid layer.
C) the phospholipids do not associate with each other in the hydrophobic region of membranes.
D) membrane proteins were not uniform and did not form flattened sheets.
E) membrane proteins occurred in regular organized patterns on the surface of membranes.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

All of the following are functions of the cell membrane EXCEPT:

A) transmitting signals.
B) participating in energy transfer.
C) being freely permeable to all substances.
D) regulating the passage of materials.
E) participating in chemical reactions.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Vegetable oil is different from animal fat in that the phospholipids in vegetable oil have fatty acid tails that:

A) solidify at room temperature.
B) lack double bonds.
C) are saturated.
D) interact via van der Waals forces.
E) bend.

Question 5

A transmembrane protein differs from other membrane proteins because it:

A) is covalently linked to the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
B) is a glycoprotein with carbohydrates attached.
C) is attached to the inside of the membrane by an ionic bond.
D) completely extends through the membrane.
E) is completely embedded within the membrane.

Question 6

Who proposed the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure in 1972?

A) Davson and Singer
B) Frye and Edidin
C) Brown and Goldstein
D) Singer and Nicholson
E) Davson and Danielli

Question 7

Cholesterol within membranes functions as a(n) __________ through its interactions with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of phospholipids.

A) water blocker
B) pH buffer
C) energy source
D) temperature controller
E) fluidity buffer

Question 8

Proteins that are destined to become associated with the inner surface of the plasma membrane are:

A) manufactured in the same way as protein hormones.
B) manufactured in the same way as proteins destined to become external peripheral proteins.
C) made on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
D) made on ribosomes located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
E) transported to the plasma membrane within a secretory vesicle.

Question 9

Which of the following molecules is least likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion?

A) carbon dioxide
B) nitrogen
C) oxygen
D) potassium ion
E) water

Question 10

Which of the following statements about lipid bilayers is FALSE?

A) They are self-sealing.
B) They are inflexible.
C) They spontaneously form closed vesicles.
D) They can fuse with other bilayers.
E) They resist forming free ends.

Question 11

In the experiment in which Frye and Edidin fused the plasma membranes of a mouse and a human cell, what happened to the membrane proteins?

A) They formed a spherical structure.
B) They formed a bilayer.
C) They moved laterally across the cell surface.
D) They flip-flopped from one layer to the other.
E) They reacted with cholesterol molecules on the membrane surface.

Question 12

In a lipid bilayer, __________ fatty acid tails face each other within the bilayer and form a region that excludes water.

A) hypertonic
B) hyperosmotic
C) hypotonic
D) hydrophilic
E) hydrophobic

Question 13

Which of the following statements concerning phospholipids is FALSE?

A) They have two distinct regions, one strongly hydrophobic and the other strongly hydrophilic.
B) They are amphipathic molecules.
C) They have cylindrical shapes that allow them to associate with water most easily as a bilayer structure.
D) They contain a polar organic group attached to a phosphate group.
E) They contain three fatty acids chains.

Question 14

What is meant by the term "fluid mosaic model"?

A) It is the diffusion of lipid-soluble substances through the lipid bilayer.
B) It is the movement of lipids and integral proteins within the lipid bilayer.
C) It is the solubility of water in the membrane.
D) It is the method of substance transport across the membrane.
E) It is the movement of surface proteins through the membrane.

Question 15

An ABC transporter:

A) is a type of water channel.
B) uses the energy of ATP to transport solutes.
C) uses gated channels to transport ADP.
D) is present in kidney tubules and prevents dehydration.
E) is a type of porin.

Question 16

Integral proteins:

A) are weakly bound to the surface of the membrane.
B) are strongly bound to the cytosolic surface of the membrane.
C) have no hydrophobic portions.
D) are completely embedded within the lipid bilayer.
E) are amphipathic.

Question 17

If phospholipids form a spherical structure when placed in water, then which of the following is the most logical conclusion about those phosopholipid molecules?

A) They are not amphipathic.
B) They contain two fatty acid chains.
C) They are cone-shaped.
D) They form a bilayer.
E) Both their ends are hydrophilic.

Question 18

Which of the following statements explaining the differences in number and types of peripheral proteins found on the inner and outer surfaces of cell membranes is correct?

A) The functions of the membrane differ on the inside and outside of the cell.
B) Not all proteins can pass through the membrane and, thus, more accumulate on the inside.
C) Proteins on the outside of the membrane are synthesized at a slower rate than proteins on the inside of the membrane.
D) Proteins on the outside of membrane are made extracellularly and are unable to penetrate the phospholipid bilayer and enter the cell.
E) The external peripheral proteins are weakly attached to the membrane and are readily washed away.

Question 19

Peripheral proteins are linked to either surface of the plasma membrane by:

A) covalent disulfide bonds.
B) associating with fatty acids through hydrophobic interactions.
C) embedding in one side of the membrane and, thus, not extending through to the other side.
D) associating with glycoproteins on the inner membrane surface.
E) bonding to integral proteins through noncovalent interactions.

Question 20

Biological membranes are normally permeable to:

A) large, hydrophilic molecules.
B) small, hydrophilic molecules.
C) large, hydrophobic molecules.
D) small, hydrophobic molecules.
E) ABC transporters

Question 21

Solutions that are isotonic:

A) are not in dynamic equilibrium.
B) have equal concentrations of solute and water.
C) have equal concentrations of solute but not water.
D) have equal concentrations of water but not solute.
E) will exhibit a net movement of water from one solution to the other.

Question 22

If the concentration of solutes in a cell is less than the concentration of solutes in the surrounding fluid, then the extracellular fluid is said to be:

A) hypertonic.
B) hypotonic.
C) isotonic.
D) stable.
E) amphipathic.

Question 23

Although glucose molecules constantly diffuse into a cell along their concentration gradient, equilibrium is never reached and glucose continues to enter the cell.This is a direct result of:

A) the very fast turnover rate of glucose metabolism.
B) the continuous excretion of glucose from other parts of the cell.
C) the rapid and continuous intracellular formation of glucose phosphates.
D) the active transport of glucose.
E) the ability of the cell to engulf glucose by pinocytosis.

Question 24

A bottle of perfume is opened on the opposite side of the room and within minutes you begin to smell the perfume.This phenomenon is a classic example of:

A) dialysis.
B) osmosis.
C) active transport.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) simple diffusion.

Question 25

Facilitated diffusion:

A) requires a transmembrane protein.
B) requires ATP.
C) can move molecules against a concentration gradient.
D) is typically used to transport small nonpolar molecules.
E) is typically used to transport large food particles.

Question 26

Figure 5-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 5-1.Which of the following statements about the red blood cells in Figure A is true?

A) There has been no net water movement.
B) There has been a net flow of water out of the cell.
C) There has been a net flow of water into the cell.
D) Pinocytosis has occurred.
E) Plasmolysis has occurred.

Question 27

Figure 5-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
A patient who has had a severe hemorrhage accidentally receives a large transfusion of distilled water directly into a major blood vessel.You would expect this mistake to:

A) have no unfavorable effect as long as the water is free of bacteria.
B) have serious, perhaps fatal consequences because there would be too much fluid to pump.
C) have serious, perhaps fatal consequences because the red blood cells could shrink.
D) have serious, perhaps fatal consequences because the red blood cells could swell and burst.
E) have no serious effect because the kidney could quickly eliminate excess water.

Question 28

The passive movement of a substance along its concentration gradient is termed:

A) active transport.
B) dialysis.
C) diffusion.
D) exocytosis.
E) osmosis.

Question 29

A wilted flower placed in a vase of water for several hours became stiff and stood erect.When it was placed in a salt solution, it wilted.From this information we can say that the cells of the flower are:

A) hypotonic to both fresh water and the salt solution.
B) hypertonic to both the fresh water and the salt solution.
C) hypertonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.
D) hypotonic to fresh water but hypertonic to the salt solution.
E) isotonic to fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution.

Question 30

Which of the following membrane activities does NOT require the expenditure of energy by the cell?

A) active transport
B) osmosis
C) endocytosis
D) exocytosis
E) synthesis of more membrane

Question 31

Studies of glucose transport in liposomes have revealed that:

A) glucose is transported against a concentration gradient.
B) the binding of glucose triggers a conformational change in the carrier protein.
C) the transport of solutes via carrier proteins is faster than via channel proteins.
D) glucose phosphates move readily across the membrane by simple diffusion.
E) glucose moves readily across the membrane by simple diffusion.

Question 32

The higher the concentration of solute in a solution, the __________ the effective water concentration and the __________ the osmotic pressure.

A) lower; lower
B) lower; higher
C) higher; higher
D) higher; lower
E) Answer cannot be determined from the information provided.

Question 33

Which of the following are forms of carrier-mediated transport?

A) Facilitated diffusion only
B) Carrier-mediated active transport only
C) Osmosis only
D) Both facilitated diffusion and carrier-mediated active transport
E) Facilitated diffusion, carrier-mediated active transport, and osmosis

Question 34

Which of the following is not a characteristic of aquaporins?

A) They are transmembrane proteins.
B) They facilitate the rapid transport of water through the plasma membrane.
C) They are located in mammalian kidney tubules.
D) They respond to specific hormones.
E) They cause dehydration.

Question 35

A plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution will:

A) remain unchanged.
B) undergo lysis.
C) undergo plasmolysis.
D) swell slightly.
E) become crenated.

Question 36

Penicillin is toxic to certain dividing bacterial cells because it prevents cell wall formation, causing the cells to burst.This indicates that the bacteria live in:

A) a hypotonic medium.
B) a hypertonic medium.
C) an isotonic medium.
D) a medium with a higher osmotic pressure than the cell.
E) both a hypertonic medium and a medium with a higher osmotic pressure than the cell.

Question 37

Simple diffusion may involve the movement of __________ through the plasma membrane down a concentration gradient.

A) small polar molecules
B) small nonpolar molecules
C) large polar molecules
D) large nonpolar molecules
E) water

Question 38

Catalysts are reusable.Enzymes are protein catalysts, and are reusable.Select the protein(s) below that is(are) not used up by the process carried out:

A) Na⁺/K⁺ pump carrier proteins
B) aquaporins
C) proteins involved in facilitated diffusion
D) Na⁺/K⁺ pump carrier proteins and also aquaporins
E) Na⁺/K⁺ pump carrier proteins, aquaporins, and also proteins involved in facilitated diffusion

Question 39

Figure 5-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 5-1.Which of the following statements about the red blood cells in Figure B is true?

A) These red blood cells have been placed in an isotonic solution.
B) These red blood cells have swollen in response to a hypertonic external solution.
C) These red blood cells have swollen in response to a hypotonic external solution.
D) These red blood cells have shrunken in response to a hypertonic external solution.
E) These red blood cells have shrunken in response to a hypotonic external solution.

Question 40

Consider a U-tube that initially contains pure water on one side of a selectively permeable membrane and water plus solute on the other side.Which of the following best describes what will happen next?

A) Solute molecules diffuse across the membrane faster than water molecules.
B) The fluid level rises on the side containing the pure water.
C) The diffusion of water molecules causes an osmotic pressure to build up in the tube.
D) Solute molecules are transported across the membrane by facilitated diffusion.
E) Some water molecules become "bound up" with solute molecules and do not diffuse freely.

Question 41

Biological membranes are one dimensional fluids.
__________________

Question 42

Which of the following statements about the sodium-potassium pump is true?

A) It transports hydrogen ions out of the cell.
B) It transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions.
C) It transports 2 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions.
D) It transports 2 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 3 potassium ions.
E) It transports water directly out of the cell.

Question 43

In cells that are constantly involved in secretion, an equivalent amount of membrane must be returned to the interior of the cell for each vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane; if this does not occur, then what would happen?

A) The ratio of cell surface would decrease, compared to cell volume.
B) The cell surface would shrivel.
C) The surface area would remain constant.
D) The number of membrane receptor proteins would decrease.
E) The cell surface will keep expanding.

Question 44

A human white blood cell engulfs a bacterial cell by:

A) carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion.
B) exocytosis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) pinocytosis.
E) the sodium-potassium pump.

Question 45

Figure 5-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Select the receptor mediated endocytosis events that are in the correct (before, after) order:

A) Endosome fuses with lysosome; receptors are transported to plasma membrane and recycled.
B) Ligand binds to receptors; coated vesicle forms by endocytosis.
C) Contents are digested and released in the cymosely; ligand separates from its receptor.
D) Endosome fuses with lysosome; receptors are transported to plasma membrane and recycled.
E) None of the events are listed in the correct order.

Question 46

Plasmodesmata of plant cells are functionally equivalent to __________ of animal cells.

A) gap junctions
B) dermatomes
C) tight junctions
D) cell surface receptors
E) microvillus

Question 47

Compare and contrast simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

Question 48

One difference between tight junctions and dermatomes is that tight junctions:

A) are regions where the plasma membrane from two neighboring cells are in actual contact.
B) occur only in plants.
C) involve connective microfilaments that traverse the space between adjacent cells.
D) are anchored by microfilaments on the insides of the cell membranes of adjacent cells.
E) contain a 24 nm space between two adjacent membranes.

Question 49

Compare and contrast the structure and functions of three of the following four intercellular junctions: desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions, and plasmodesmata.

Question 50

Which of the following describes how facilitated diffusion is powered?

A) Facilitated diffusion is "free of cost."
B) Energy is required to do the work of establishing and maintaining a concentration gradient.
C) ATP is required directly.
D) The sodium-potassium pump powers facilitated diffusion.
E) Facilitated diffusion is powered by endocytosis.

Question 51

Figure 5-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The process illustrated in Figure 5-2 would most likely be used to transport:

A) glucose.
B) hormones.
C) potassium ions.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) bacteria.

Question 52

Pinocytosis:

A) is engulfment of large particles by the cell.
B) occurs in protozoans and algae but not in more complex organisms.
C) involves the specific binding of molecules to receptors on the cell surface.
D) is the nonspecific uptake of fluids by pinching inward of the plasma membrane.
E) is movement of molecules against the concentration gradient through a permeable membrane.

Question 53

A person has a genetic disease that prevents the phospholipids in the plasma membrane of the white blood cells from freely fusing with the other membranes within the cell.How would this disease affect phagocytosis?

A) Lysosomes would not be formed.
B) Facilitated diffusion would not occur.
C) Lysosomes would be formed lacking hydrolytic enzymes.
D) The phagocytic vacuole would not fuse with the lysosome.
E) Endocytosis would not occur.

Question 54

A bacterium containing sodium ions at a concentration of 0.1 mM lives in a pond that contains sodium ions at 0.005 mM.Evidently, sodium ions are entering the cell by:

A) active transport.
B) endocytosis.
C) diffusion.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) osmosis.

Question 55

Using correct terminology, describe what would happen to a red blood cell placed in a solution of 0.5% sodium chloride.

Question 56

Receptor-mediated endocytosis:

A) is a passive process.
B) involves only membrane transport proteins.
C) brings about the selective uptake of materials by enclosing them in membranous vesicles.
D) does not require energy.
E) is most likely to be found in cells that release large amounts of hormones.

Question 57

Figure 5-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The process illustrated in Figure 5-2 is called:

A) facilitated diffusion.
B) pinocytosis.
C) cotransport.
D) lysis.
E) exocytosis.

Question 58

In the mechanism of action of a proton pump, the role of ATP is to:

A) cause a proton to bind to a carbohydrate.
B) cause a cell to take up protons by endocytosis.
C) cause a cell to release protons by exocytosis.
D) transfer protons to the inside of a cell.
E) transfer protons to the outside of a cell.

Question 59

In the cotransport of glucose and sodium ions:

A) glucose molecules are transported down their concentration gradient.
B) sodium ions are transported down their concentration gradient.
C) the transport of glucose powers the transport of sodium.
D) ATP causes a conformational change in the carrier protein.
E) an antiport carrier protein is involved.

Question 60

The structures in this figure:

A) provide anchorage points between adjacent cells.
B) allow the transport of small molecules and ions between adjacent cells.
C) allow passage of materials through intercellular spaces.
D) prevent the passage of materials through intercellular spaces.
E) can only be found in plants.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of the sodium-potassium pump and glucose-sodium cotransport systems.

Question 62

MATCHING
a.Transmit information into cell
d.Use ATP to transport solutes
b.Catalyze reactions which take place within or along membrane surface
e.Anchor cell to extracellular matrix
c.Allow selective transport of ions or molecules
channels

Question 63

MATCHING
a.Transmit information into cell
d.Use ATP to transport solutes
b.Catalyze reactions which take place within or along membrane surface
e.Anchor cell to extracellular matrix
c.Allow selective transport of ions or molecules
integrins

Question 64

MATCHING
a.Transmit information into cell
d.Use ATP to transport solutes
b.Catalyze reactions which take place within or along membrane surface
e.Anchor cell to extracellular matrix
c.Allow selective transport of ions or molecules
membranebound enzymes

Question 65

Osmotic pressure of a solution is the amount of pressure exerted on the side of the selectively permeable containing a higher concentration of solute to prevent diffusion of solute.
__________________

Question 66

Compare and contrast the processes of facilitated diffusion and active transport.

Question 67

MATCHING
a.Transmit information into cell
d.Use ATP to transport solutes
b.Catalyze reactions which take place within or along membrane surface
e.Anchor cell to extracellular matrix
c.Allow selective transport of ions or molecules
signal transuction receptors

Question 68

Sodium-potassium pumps maintain an electrochemical gradient.
__________________

Question 69

In cell membranes cholesterol and glycoproteins are exposed to the extracellular surface for cell recognition and adhesion to other cells.
__________________

Question 70

Cotransport systems directly provide energy for active transport of solutes.
__________________

Question 71

If solution of A is hypotonic to B, then the direction of net movement of water is B to A .
__________________

Question 72

In the sodium-potassium pump, sodium ion release causes two K+ ions to be released into the cell.
__________________

Question 73

Plasmolysis occurs in plant cells when the soil or water contains low concentration of salts or fertilizers.
__________________

Question 74

Mutations to ABC transporter genes contribute to cystic fibrosis.
__________________

Question 75

MATCHING
a.Transmit information into cell
d.Use ATP to transport solutes
b.Catalyze reactions which take place within or along membrane surface
e.Anchor cell to extracellular matrix
c.Allow selective transport of ions or molecules
Describe some of the various activities performed by membrane proteins in multicellular organisms.

Question 76

LDL cholesterol is taken into the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
__________________

Question 77

MATCHING
a.Transmit information into cell
d.Use ATP to transport solutes
b.Catalyze reactions which take place within or along membrane surface
e.Anchor cell to extracellular matrix
c.Allow selective transport of ions or molecules
protein pumps