Deck 4: Organization of the Cell

Question 1

Which scientist first viewed living cells?

A) Robert Hooke
B) Matthias Schleiden
C) Theodor Schwann
D) Anton van Leeuwenhoek
E) August Weismann

Answer 1

D

Question 2

It is advantageous for cells to be small because:

A) a small cell size prevents a cell from weighing too much.
B) a small cell size occupies less space in nature where space is limited.
C) a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport.
D) a small cell has a small surface area relative to volume, thereby facilitating ion balance.
E) a small cell is better able to conserve energy than a larger cell.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by:

A) the cell theory, which states that the cell is the basic unit of life.
B) the fact that all new cells come from previously existing cells.
C) the fact that cells are the building blocks of the most complex plants.
D) basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry.
E) the fact that cells are the smallest units that can carry out all life activities.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex called:

A) chromosomes.
B) nucleoli.
C) nucleus.
D) genes.
E) chromatin.

Question 5

Figure 4-1
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following statements about Figure 4-1 is true?

A) Figure B has a greater surface area than Figure A.
B) Figure B has a greater volume than Figure A.
C) Figure B has a smaller volume than Figure A.
D) Figure B has a greater surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.
E) Figure B has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.

Question 6

Differential centrifugation is a process that:

A) separates different components of the cell that function differently.
B) separates components of the cell that have a different chemical makeup.
C) analyzes the chemical components of the cell.
D) separates components of the cell that have different densities.
E) allows researchers to view the contents of the cells.

Question 7

You want to determine the location of a specific protein in a cell using a colored stain.Which of the following is the best technique for this purpose?

A) electron microscopy
B) phase contrast microscopy
C) bright-field microscopy
D) fluorescence microscopy
E) dark-field microscopy

Question 8

Membrane-bounded organelles facilitate faster chemical reactions because:

A) reactants are within close proximity to each other.
B) membranes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
C) membrane-bounded organelles act as catalysts for biochemical reactions.
D) reactants move faster within membrane-bounded organelles.
E) reactants are less likely to encounter each other within membrane-bounded organelles.

Question 9

A eukaryotic cell:

A) is usually smaller than a prokaryotic cell.
B) has its DNA concentrated in one area of the cell without a nuclear membrane.
C) typically has a cell wall, in addition to a plasma membrane.
D) is exemplified by bacteria.
E) has a variety of membranous organelles.

Question 10

In the classic experiments by Bracht and Hammerling, the nucleus of Acetabularia was removed, the cap was cut off, a nucleus of a different species was inserted, and the cap was allowed to regenerate.The new cap was then removed.After the second regeneration, the cap was observed, and the following conclusion was made:

A) The shape of the cap was controlled by the nucleus, thus, the nucleus was the control center of the cell.
B) The shape of the cap was under the control of the stalk, which produced a control substance.
C) The shape of the cap was independent of both the stalk and the holdfast.
D) The "cren" caps were defective due to some mutation in the cap.Thus, "cren" caps are independent of control from both the base and the holdfast.
E) At the time no conclusion could be made because in the early 20th century, biologists did not know about the composition of DNA.

Question 11

The accompanying figure is the product of a:

A) phase-contrast light microscope.
B) Nomarski differential interference microscope.
C) transmission electron microscope.
D) scanning electron microscope.
E) confocal fluorescence microscope.

Question 12

The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:

A) magnification.
B) resolution.
C) resolving power.
D) centrifugation.
E) fractionation.

Question 13

Nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making:

A) proteins.
B) RNA.
C) ribosomes.
D) lipids.
E) hormones.

Question 14

Figure 4-1
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding question(s).
One strategy that allows larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio is:

A) having a completely spherical shape.
B) being short and fat.
C) having thin, finger-like projections.
D) having a thinner plasma membrane.
E) locomotion.

Question 15

Which of the following descriptions or structures does NOT match the cell type?

A) Sperm cells have flagella.
B) Nerve cells have long, thin extensions.
C) Epithelial cells are rectangular.
D) White blood cells can change shape.
E) Smallest cell are egg cells.

Question 16

Which of the following structures or activities is NOT directly part of the endomembrane system?

A) budding
B) lysosomes
C) ribosomes
D) peroxisomes
E) Golgi complex

Question 17

The scanning electron microscope differs from the transmission electron microscope in that the scanning electron microscope:

A) can view a live specimen.
B) relies on the detection of electrons from the beam after contact with the specimens.
C) can view the internal structure of a cell.
D) utilizes a beam of light that passes through the specimen.
E) gives a three dimensional image of the object being studied.

Question 18

If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

A) protein synthesis
B) DNA synthesis
C) movement
D) energy storage
E) active transport

Question 19

Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than either the human eye or any light microscope because:

A) of their higher magnification.
B) the lenses used are of much higher quality.
C) of the very short (nanometer) wavelengths of electrons.
D) the images are viewed on screens, rather than directly using an eyepiece or ocular lens.
E) it can be used to view stained or living cells.

Question 20

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous.It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell.The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

A) nucleus.
B) nucleolus.
C) microtubule.
D) mitochondria.
E) lysosome.

Question 21

The theory that chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionary beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts is supported by all of the following EXCEPT:

A) chloroplasts and mitochondria are completely autonomous within eukaryotic cells.
B) chloroplasts and mitochondria have DNA.
C) chloroplasts and mitochondria have small ribosomes for protein synthesis.
D) chloroplasts and mitochondria are approximately the same size as prokaryotic cells.
E) chloroplasts and mitochondria have the same shape as prokaryotic cells.

Question 22

The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which of the following?

A) packaging molecules in vesicles
B) accepting vesicles from the ER
C) synthesizing proteins
D) transporting molecules out of the Golgi
E) catalyzing the efficient folding of proteins

Question 23

During an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens.After phagocytosis, primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle to form a larger vesicle called a secondary lysosome.The reason for this is:

A) to introduce antibodies to the phagocytic vesicles.
B) to wrap the pathogen in additional membrane, rendering them harmless.
C) to coat the bacteria in lipids derived from the Golgi complex, which cover and smother them.
D) to mix the pathogens with strong hydrolytic enzymes and destroy them.
E) to prepare the bacteria for export from the body.

Question 24

Figure 4-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 4-4.If you treated this organelle to remove ONLY the chlorophyll, which label indicates the portion of the organelle that would be most directly affected by this treatment?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 25

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex in this sequence:

A) cis face to medial region to trans face
B) trans face to cis face to medial region
C) trans face to medial region to cis face
D) cis face to trans face to medial region
E) medial face to trans face to cis face

Question 26

Figure 4-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of Figure 4-4 labeled:

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 27

Figure 4-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 4-2.The cellular structure indicated by the arrow is responsible for:

A) lipid and fatty acid metabolism.
B) protein synthesis.
C) digestion of unused organelles.
D) replication.
E) cellular respiration.

Question 28

Figure 4-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within the:

A) lysosomes.
B) nucleus.
C) mitochondria.
D) Golgi complex.
E) peroxisomes.

Question 29

Figure 4-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following structures would not be found in cells of a plant's roots?

A) mitochondria
B) chloroplasts
C) endoplasmic reticulum
D) nucleus
E) Golgi complex

Question 30

Figure 4-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following functions would most likely be occurring in the structure surrounded by the box in Figure 4-2?

A) apoptosis
B) dynein movement
C) formation of hydrogen peroxide
D) molecular chaperone activity
E) cholesterol synthesis

Question 31

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

A) is absent in most plant cells.
B) synthesizes proteins.
C) provides structural support.
D) synthesizes lipids.
E) is required for ribosome synthesis.

Question 32

One function of peroxisomes involves the process of:

A) cell death.
B) water storage.
C) protein synthesis.
D) DNA replication.
E) detoxification.

Question 33

Figure 4-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The organelle featured in Figure 4-3:

A) is present in a few prokaryotes.
B) is the major site of protein synthesis in the cell.
C) plays a vital role in packaging materials to be secreted.
D) plays a central role in energy metabolism.
E) is located in the nucleus.

Question 34

Figure 4-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The main process that occurs at the site of the structures marked by arrows in Figure 4-3 is:

A) protein synthesis.
B) photosynthesis.
C) conversion of food molecules to ATP.
D) processing and packaging of proteins.
E) transcription.

Question 35

A cellular structure found in plant but not animal cells is the:

A) chloroplast.
B) ribosome.
C) endoplasmic reticulum.
D) microtubule.
E) microfilament.

Question 36

Figure 4-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The structures indicated by the arrows in Figure 4-3 are:

A) intermembrane space.
B) grana.
C) cristae.
D) matrices.
E) plastids.

Question 37

The __________ can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center.

A) centriole
B) centrosome
C) Golgi complex
D) vacuole
E) cytoskeleton

Question 38

Figure 4-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

A) ribosomes
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplasts
D) vacuoles
E) peroxisomes

Question 39

Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?

A) centrosome
B) microtubules
C) DNA
D) ribosomes
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 40

All of the following functions are performed by plant vacuoles EXCEPT:

A) maintaining hydrostatic (turgor) pressure.
B) waste storage and recycling.
C) storage of proteins.
D) breakdown of unneeded cellular materials.
E) storage of nucleic acids.

Question 41

Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE?

A) They are present in most animal cells but not most plant cells.
B) They are duplicated before cell division.
C) They have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.
D) They are found in the centrosome.
E) They are thought to play a role in microtubule assembly.

Question 42

The existence of a separate set of enzymes and DNA molecules in mitochondria and chloroplasts provide support for serial endosymbiosis.
__________________

Question 43

Intermediate filaments are most closely associated with which of the following?

A) actin.
B) microvilli.
C) pseudopodia.
D) keratins.
E) myosin.

Question 44

Which of the following is(are) located between the primary walls of adjacent cells?

A) intermediate filaments
B) myosin
C) actin filaments
D) middle lamella
E) secondary wall

Question 45

In animal cells the main microtubule organizing center (or centrosome) is important in cell division.
__________________

Question 46

List the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Identify three ways that these differences impact cell function.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a cell covering or part of a cell covering?

A) glycocalyx
B) extracellular matrix
C) cristae
D) cell wall
E) integrins

Question 48

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of proteins and cholesterol needed to make membranes.
__________________

Question 49

Briefly explain the relationship between the surface area and volume of a cell and overall cell size.List two ways in which organisms have successfully "solved" this problem.

Question 50

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) chloroplast-storage of enzymes
B) lysosome-powerhouse of the cell
C) centrosome-cell division
D) plastids-structural support of the cell
E) Golgi complex-production of energy

Question 51

The force necessary to cause microtubules of cilia and flagella to slide alongside one another is provided through the action of __________ proteins, which derive the energy to perform their work directly from __________ molecules.

A) kinesin; ADP
B) kinesin; glucose
C) tubulin; ATP
D) dynein; ATP
E) dynein; ADP

Question 52

List the similarities and differences between the functions of the chloroplasts and mitochondria.Include the identification of specific structures in your comparison.

Question 53

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) middle lamella-cellulose
B) integrins-receptors
C) primary cell wall-pectin
D) fibronectins-wood
E) secondary cell wall-glycoproteins

Question 54

You isolate a cellular structure and determine that it is composed of $\alpha$ -tubulin and $\beta$ -tubulin.Based on this evidence, you correctly identify this structure as:

A) a structural MAP.
B) a microfilament.
C) a microtubule.
D) an actin filament.
E) a myosin filament.

Question 55

Mitochondria play an important role in cell necrosis.
__________________

Question 56

A basal body is most closely related to a:

A) ribosome.
B) thylakoid.
C) centriole.
D) centrosome.
E) lysosome.

Question 57

As a result of testing an experimental drip on a vertebrate cell, you notice that the cell cortex becomes more fluid, and although the cell remains strong, it loses its ability to move.Based on this evidence, you correctly conclude that the drug most directly affected:

A) $\alpha$ -tubulin.
B) $\beta$ -tubulin.
C) actin filaments.
D) myosin.
E) intermediate filaments.

Question 58

The structures in the micrograph are:

A) chloroplasts.
B) cilia.
C) rough ER.
D) flagella.
E) B and D.

Question 59

Peroxisomes are found in large numbers in cells that synthesize, store, and degrade lipids, and one of their functions is to break down protein molecules.
__________________

Question 60

Identify two structural components of the cytoskeleton, and briefly describe their function(s).

Question 61

Enzymes called proteases in the ER lumen catalyze folding of proteins into proper conformations.
__________________

Question 62

Some cells are very large, seemingly in defiance of maintaining a large surface area to volume ratio.What are some strategies or adaptations that these cells may use in order to maintain a reasonable surface area to volume ratio?

Question 63

Cells that secrete large amounts of glycoprotein have many Golgi stacks.
__________________

Question 64

Proteasomes direct the destruction of defective DNA.
__________________

Question 65

A bacterial pathogen has just entered the body of a person.Describe the sequence of events that lead to the production of enzymes that will hydrolytically destroy the bacterial cell, beginning with events in the nucleus and ending with destruction of the pathogen.

Question 66

DNA is associated with RNA and certain proteins forming chromatin.
__________________

Question 67

Golgi complexes of prokaryotic cells produce extracellullar polysaccharides that are used to make cell walls.
__________________

Question 68

For the following medical conditions, describe the likely cellular organelle or structure that has been affected in such a way as to cause the condition (note: There may be more than one organelle or structure involved):
A.
The sperm of a man cannot swim, thus rendering him infertile.
B.
A child experiences kidney failure due to Fabry's disease where the cells lining the inside of the kidney tubule accumulate abnormally large amounts of glycolipids that are usually degraded by enzymes.
C.
A person dies within minutes after ingesting cyanide because ATP is no longer being synthesized.