Deck 11: Volcanic and Tectonic Processes and Landforms

Question 1

Cinder cones typically ____.

A)have several fissures
B)erupt as lava flows
C)are composed of tephra
D)form the largest type of volcano

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An earthquake's epicenter is the point on Earth's surface that lies directly above the ____.

A)scarp
B)focus
C)seismic wave
D)graben

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The slippage or displacement of rocks along a fracture surface is called ____.

A)jointing
B)plutonism
C)folding
D)faulting

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Shield volcanoes are ____.

A)explosive
B)rhyolitic
C)the largest type of volcano
D)the smallest type of volcano

Question 5

Compressional tectonic forces may result in the formation of ____.

A)normal faults
B)anticlines and synclines
C)horsts and grabens
D)strike-slip faults

Question 6

Explosive eruptions may be accompanied by ____.

A)pyroclastic flows
B)pahoehoe
C)lava flows
D)plutonic features

Question 7

Batholiths are ____.

A)composed of extrusive igneous rock
B)mushroom-shaped flows of basalt
C)horizontal sheets of intrusive igneous rock
D)the largest type of igneous intrusion

Question 8

The modified Mercalli scale ____.

A)measures earthquake magnitude
B)measures energy released in an earthquake
C)uses the letters A through F
D)uses Roman numerals

Question 9

Joints are ____.

A)a type of strike-slip fault
B)a type of thrust fault
C)a type of reverse fault
D)not a type of fault

Question 10

Normal faults are associated with ____.

A)forces that push rocks together
B)anticlines and synclines
C)shearing tectonic forces
D)tensional tectonic forces

Question 11

A structural downfold is also known as a(n) ____.

A)rift
B)anticline
C)overthrust
D)syncline

Question 12

Various means of rock breakdown comprise ____ processes.

A)exogenic
B)endogenic
C)gravity
D)earthquake

Question 13

Which of the following is a structural term rather than a topological term?

A)ridge
B)scarp
C)basin
D)horst

Question 14

Crater Lake in Oregon occupies a(n) ____.

A)plug dome
B)caldera
C)syncline
D)anticline

Question 15

The downtilt of a rock layer is described by its ____.

A)dip
B)syncline
C)strike
D)anticline

Question 16

A sill is a ____ feature.

A)volcanic
B)plutonic
C)lava
D)pyroclastic

Question 17

What is the specific study of the origin and development of landforms?

A)geomorphology
B)physical geography
C)geology
D)seismology

Question 18

Explosive eruptions are associated with ____.

A)low viscosity magma
B)pyroclastics
C)magma of low gas content
D)pahoehoe

Question 19

Composite cones ____.

A)are part tephra, part caldera
B)may erupt in a pyroclastic flow
C)are composed entirely of tephra
D)are composed entirely of basalt

Question 20

Faults that have vertical displacement and have resulted from tensional forces are called ____.

A)reverse faults
B)normal faults
C)strike-slip faults
D)thrust faults

Question 21

Tephra is the same as ____.

A)lava
B)pyroclastic material
C)mudflows
D)aa

Question 22

Pahoehoe is best described as ____.

A)blocky and angular
B)ropy
C)an igneous intrusion
D)columnar jointing

Question 23

An increase in earthquake magnitude by one whole number (for example, from 6 to 7) means that the energy released has increased by a factor of about ____.

A)10
B)30
C)200
D)1,000

Question 24

Strike-slip faults are caused by shearing tectonic forces.

Question 25

A structural downfold can occupy a topographic ridge.

Question 26

The steepest angle a pile of loose material can maintain is the ____.

A)strike
B)dip
C)syncline
D)angle of repose

Question 27

Strike-slip faults have primarily horizontal, rather than vertical, motion.

Question 28

The 2011 earthquake in Japan measured magnitude ____.

A)5.0
B)6.7
C)7.9
D)9.0

Question 29

Loss of life due to an earthquake is measured by its Richter magnitude.

Question 30

Earthquakes can cause tsunamis.

Question 31

What commonly follows a large earthquake?

A)aftershocks
B)foreshocks
C)seismic waves
D)displacements

Question 32

A lava flow is an example of an effusive volcanic eruption.

Question 33

Mount Vesuvius is a cinder cone.

Question 34

The strike of a rock is the angle it is inclined from the horizontal.

Question 35

Everything else being equal, more effusive eruptions will occur in molten rock material of ____.

A)higher gas content
B)higher viscosity
C)cooler temperatures
D)more mafic composition

Question 36

Molten rock material that has reached Earth's surface is called magma.

Question 37

Volcanic eruptions are more explosive with molten rock of higher viscosity.

Question 38

The Appalachian Mountains are ____.

A)tilted fault blocks
B)shield volcanoes
C)folded
D)horsts

Question 39

The modified Mercalli scale measures ____.

A)earthquake magnitude
B)earthquake intensity
C)seismic waves
D)fault displacement

Question 40

Endogenic processes ____.

A)originate on Earth's surface
B)decrease relief
C)include tectonic processes
D)include erosion

Question 41

A(n) _____________ is a fault block that has been downdropped between two normal faults.

Question 42

What factors determine whether a volcanic eruption is explosive or effusive? What are some ways in which the landforms created by the two different types of eruption differ?

Question 43

Extremely viscous magma 'stuck' in a vent of a volcanic cone and solidified forms a(n) ________________.

Question 44

A(n) _______________ is a thin, horizontal sheet of magma that solidified beneath Earth's surface.

Question 45

Define fault and distinguish among the four different kinds of faults with regard to the acting forces and associated structural features.

Question 46

The jagged, sharp, and angular blocks that form the surface of some basalt flows is called ________________.

Question 47

Crustal folding is due to _______________ tectonic forces.

Question 48

A layer of rock that is inclined from the horizontal is described as having a __________________ of, for example, 25° to the northwest.

Question 49

Dikes are ________________ plutonic features, perpendicular to rock layers.

Question 50

Tectonic forces that pull rocks apart are known as _______________ tectonic forces.

Question 51

Igneous means ________________ in Latin.

Question 52

________________ are deep fractures out of which molten rock material pours.