Deck 4: Physical Development

Question 1

One hormone that is produced directly by the pituitary gland is

A)human growth hormone.
B)testosterone.
C)estrogen.
D)progesterone.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The wasting away of the body that results when infants receive a diet low in all essential nutrients, often because their mothers are too malnourished to provide adequate breast milk, is called

A)Kwashiorkor.
B)neoteny.
C)marasmus.
D)poor nutrition.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is an accurate measure of physical development?

A)the age of bones
B)height
C)the size of the head
D)the number of teeth

Answer 3

A

Question 4

By the time of birth, the head accounts for about what percentage of an infant's body?

A)5%
B)12%
C)20%
D)50%

Question 5

Permanent teeth begin to develop

A)prenatally.
B)when the baby teeth fall out.
C)at about age 6.
D)at about age 12.

Question 6

The fact that most children in the U.S. and Europe have gotten enough food calories to promote growth over the past 150 years or so has resulted in a general increase in

A)their rates of obesity.
B)their average height.
C)their average weight.
D)their bone density

Question 7

During the preschool years, the _____ continue the rapid growth that they underwent during the prenatal period.

A)heart and lungs
B)skeletal and musculature system
C)head and brain
D)genitals

Question 8

Which of the following has a sharp growth peak at about age 10?

A)the reproductive system
B)the brain
C)height
D)the lymphoid system

Question 9

Which is probably the most significant biological system related to growth?

A)the endocrine system
B)the skeletal system
C)the nervous system
D)the lymphoid system

Question 10

Which of the following does not play a critical role in growth?

A)thyroxine
B)adrenalin
C)androgen
D)hormones

Question 11

Children who ______ produce lower levels of human growth hormone than do children who do not live in such environments.

A)are malnourished
B)eat food with little nutritional value
C)have very little protein in their diets
D)live in environments with high level of stress

Question 12

The psychological consequences of physical development are likely most profound

A)in infancy.
B)in early childhood.
C)in middle childhood.
D)in adolescence

Question 13

By the beginning of puberty, girls have an advantage in height over boys by about

A)2 weeks.
B)6 weeks.
C)1 year.
D)2 years.

Question 14

The first body parts to reach adult proportions are the

A)arms and legs.
B)hands and feet.
C)teeth.
D)head and brain.

Question 15

The fact that people who live in tropical climates are often tall and lean while people who live in very cold climates is likely a result of

A)cultural differences.
B)differences in diet.
C)evolutionary adaptations.
D)genes.

Question 16

Which of the following are probably vestigial structures, which have no apparent function but may have had some function in our ancestors?

A)milk teeth
B)wisdom teeth
C)molars
D)secondary teeth

Question 17

Baby fat helps infants maintain

A)balance.
B)mobility.
C)a sense of comfort.
D)body temperature.

Question 18

As the body grows from head to foot, it also grows from its center to the periphery in a process called

A)adrenarche.
B)cephalocaudal development.
C)proximodistal development.
D)growth curves.

Question 19

One study found that Guatemalan children who grew up in the U.S.

A)were about 4.5 inches taller than their Guatemalan peers.
B)had shorter legs than their Guatemalan peers.
C)were about 2.5 inches shorter than their Guatemalan peers.
D)showed little physical differences from their Guatemalan peers.

Question 20

Central control of the hormone system is governed by the

A)pituitary gland.
B)hypothalamus.
C)thyroid gland.
C) adrenal glands.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a typical effect of puberty in boys?

A)the forehead becomes more prominent
B)the jaw grows forward
C)the chest and shoulders grow
D)the development of more body fat

Question 22

The equation for body mass index is

A)(weight in pounds × by height in inches²) × 703.
B)(weight in pounds ÷ by height in inches²) × 703.
C)(height in inches ÷ weight in pounds) × 703.
D)(height in inches² ÷ weight in pounds) × 703.

Question 23

The growing trend toward obesity is not only apparent in the U.S., but also

A)in Asia.
B)in Africa.
C)in South America.
D)in Europe.

Question 24

Anorexia nervosa is associated with all of the following except

A)damage to the heart
B)loss of bone mass
C)the cessation of menstrual periods
D)damage to the esophagus

Question 25

In North America and Europe, breast development in girls entering puberty begins at about what age?

A)9
B)11
C)13
D)15

Question 26

Women who experience poor nutrition when they are pregnant have children who are more likely to be

A)underweight, because their growth rate never catches up.
B)overweight, because they develop thrifty phenotypes.
C)underweight, because their mothers' were underweight.
D)overweight, because their mothers overfeed them to compensate.

Question 27

Which is not a factor that is contributing to today's higher rates of childhood obesity?

A)television ads for high-calorie foods
B)video and computer games
C)people eating at home more instead of eating out
D)parents' concerns about children playing outdoors

Question 28

The first menstrual period that a girl has is called

A)pubarche.
B)thearche.
C)menarche.
D)adrenarche

Question 29

What percentage of American 4-year-olds did a 2009 study report were already obese?

A)4.2%.
B)11.5%.
C)18.4%.
D)33.3%.

Question 30

The hormone that plays an important role in regulating menstruation and preparing the uterus for a fertilized egg is

A)testosterone.
B)estrogen.
C)progesterone.
D)dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

Question 31

A person with a body weight that is 20% or more higher than normal for the person's height, age sex, and stature is

A)slightly overweight.
B)moderately overweight.
C)obese.
D)morbidly obese.

Question 32

Which of the following makes substances that aid in sperm mobility?

A)the seminal vesicles
B)the prostate gland
C)spermarche
D)adrenarche

Question 33

Which of the following is not associated with primary sexual characteristics during puberty?

A)changes associated directly with reproduction
B)maturation of the gonads
C)facial changes in boys
D)anatomy of the genitals

Question 34

Unlike other stereotypes, stereotype of obese people _____

A)cause few social problems.
B)are unrelated to self-esteem.
C)lessen with age.
D)become stronger with age.

Question 35

The activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal system results in

A)adolescence.
B)puberty.
C)pregnancy.
D)hormonal irregularities.

Question 36

In a 2005 study of the cardiovascular fitness of adolescents aged 12-19, more than one-third of them were rated as

A)having normal fitness.
B)having high fitness.
C)having low fitness.
D)having exceptional fitness.

Question 37

What percent of American children aged 6 to 19 years did a 2004 study find were overweight or at risk of becoming overweight?

A)6%
B)15%
C)31%
D)48%

Question 38

The development of pubic and underarm hair, breasts in girls, changes in the voice and shape of the face in boys are all

A)primary sexual characteristics.
B)secondary sexual characteristics.
C)nonsexual characteristics.
D)related to growth spurts.

Question 39

What impact do television programs that feature nutrition experts and celebrities who give nutritional advice have on the dietary and exercise habits of children?

A)none
B)a slightly positive impact
C)a significantly positive impact
D)the impact is not yet known

Question 40

The condition in which people intentionally starve themselves and undergo severe weight loss is called _____

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)bulimia.
C)bingeing
D)marasmus

Question 41

The key to fine motor control is

A)depth perception.
B)eye-hand coordination.
C)skeletal development.
D)lateralization.

Question 42

According to Belsky, homes characterized by inadequate resources, high stress, and insecure attachment tend to

A)stop pubertal development.
B)accelerate pubertal development.
C)decelerate pubertal development.
D)postpone pubertal development.

Question 43

The time when infants begin to walk corresponds to all of the following except

A)an interest in trying to figure out how things work.
B)greater freedom.
C)a proportional increase in language development.
D)potential danger.

Question 44

Which of the following has not been suggested as being related to the signs of pubertal development occurring earlier in girls in the U.S. in recent years?

A)obesity
B)exposure to environmental contaminants
C)exposure to sexually explicit content on television
D)an increase in sexual activity

Question 45

Once infants start walking, they begin to look at adults

A)when they are talking with one another.
B)to try to engage them in social interaction.
C)when they want something.
D)for approval.

Question 46

What appears to be the main reason why today's children are not getting adequate sleep?

A)the demands of formal schooling
B)their desire to stay up late to watch television
C)their desire to stay up talking with friends and being online
D)their stress related to all the demands of modern life

Question 47

Which of the following groups did a study show, as adults, were more insightful, inventive, and creative than their early-maturing peers, who were more responsible, cooperative, and self-controlled, although also more conforming, conventional, and humorless?

A)late-maturing girls
B)late-maturing boys
C)early-maturing girls
D)early-maturing boys

Question 48

Same-age infants' ability to retrieve an object hidden under a cloth

A)is greater when they can walk rather than only crawl.
B)is greater when they can crawl but not walk.
C)is greater when they can move--either by walking or crawling.
D)is not affected by whether or not they can crawl or walk.

Question 49

Which of the following tend to experience more emotional problems than their peers, have lower self-esteem, and have higher rates of anxiety and depression?

A)late-maturing girls
B)late-maturing boys
C)early-maturing girls
D)early-maturing boys

Question 50

Most fine motor behaviors have to do with control

A)control of the brain.
B)control of the muscles.
C)control of the hands.
D)control of the feet.

Question 51

In one study, father absence was associated not only with an earlier menarche but also with

A)greater interest in infants.
B)less interest in infants.
C)greater interest in siblings.less interest in siblings.

Question 52

Toilet training for children typically begins between ____

A)6 and 12 months of age.
B)12 and 18 months of age.
C)18 and 24 months of age.
D)24 and 30months of age.

Question 53

Research has suggested that early locomotor experience influences infants'

A)speed.
B)depth perception.
C)color recognition.
D)muscle strength.

Question 54

From an evolutionary perspective, precise hand control was probably the main advantage derived from

A)upright walking.
B)increased brain size.
C)the transition from hunters to gatherers.
D)constant movement from place to place.

Question 55

Which of the following are more likely to excel in sports, be perceived as responsible, and be more popular, more self-assured, more sociable, and have higher achievement aspirations?

A)late-maturing girls
B)late-maturing boys
C)early-maturing girls
D)early-maturing boys

Question 56

By 9 to 12 months, infants can pick up objects with their thumb and a single finger, called

A)a grasping reflex.
B)prereaching.
C)directed reaching.
D)a pincer grasp.

Question 57

Studies with 9-month-old infants who could crawl suggest that independent locomotion is associated with ____ early in life.

A)greater socialization
B)less maternal attachment
C)less interest in people than in objects
D)better and more flexible memory

Question 58

The use of walkers (wheeled seats in which infants can push themselves around the floor) for infants

A)helps them to walk earlier than they otherwise would.
B)has no influence on their visual/spatial development.
C)is not recommended because they are associated with injuries.
D)delays infants' ability to walk by themselves.

Question 59

Gradually, over the preschool years, children's copying becomes ______ as they begin to pay attention and attempt to re-create what they see.

A)goal directed
B)spontaneous
C)unrelated to visual stimuli
D)nearly perfect

Question 60

Children from homes that are characterized by adequate resources, low stress, father presence, and secure attachment, as opposed to homes that do have such characteristics, later in life tend to

A)experience puberty earlier.
B)have earlier sexual activity.
C)have fewer children.
D)begin to have children earlier in life.

Question 61

Messages are passed through many billions of spaces among neurons called

A)nodes.
B)glial cells.
C)synapses.
D)hormones.

Question 62

Which of the following is an example of the interaction of maturation and environment?

A)the grasping reflex
B)the sucking reflex
C)the knee-jerk reflex
D)the stepping reflex

Question 63

Which of the following is not true of the messages that are passed from one neuron to another?

A)They are electrical.
B)They release neurotransmitters.
C)They travel along axons.
D)They are read at the nucleus of the receiving neuron.

Question 64

In general, when children switch dominant hands, it is usually

A)from early ambidextrism to a later left-hand preference.
B)from an early left-hand preference to later ambidextrism.
C)from an early right-hand preference to a later left-hand preference.
D)from an early left-hand preference to a later right-hand preference.

Question 65

It has been estimated that the adult brain has up to ____ neurons.

A)1 million
B)100 million
C)1 billion
D)100 billion

Question 66

By regulating the production of hormones in response to both internal and environmental events, most body systems are controlled by the

A)hypothalamus.
B)the cerebral cortex.
C)the limbic system.
D)brain stem.

Question 67

About what percentage of the adults in the world are dominantly right-handed?

A)50%
B)65 to 70%
C)75 to 80%
D)85 to 90%

Question 68

Relatively primitive responses associated with defense and attack behavior, feeding, freezing, sexual behavior, and facial expressions are controlled by the

A)hypothalamus.
B)the cerebral cortex.
C)the limbic system.
D)brain stem.

Question 69

Psychological functions such as the processing of visual information, language, and the planning of voluntary behaviors are controlled by the

A)hypothalamus.
B)the cerebral cortex.
C)the limbic system.
D)brain stem.

Question 70

Which of the following receives electrochemical messages from other cells and transfers them to the cell body?

A)dendrites
B)axons
C)myelin sheaths
D)nuclei

Question 71

Which cultural practice is associated with an advance in early motor development by about 2 to 3 months?

A)Some West African mothers putting babies in holes in the ground in a sitting position.
B)Chinese mothers placing infants on beds surrounded by pillows.
C)Ache mothers from Paraguay carrying infants everywhere until they are about 3 years old.
D)Some traditional mothers wrapping infants in cloth for most of their first year.

Question 72

Cerebral lateralization refers to

A)both hemispheres of the brain working together.
B)one hemisphere of the brain being dominant relative to the other.
C)a pattern of development in which the body grows from the center to the periphery.
D)a person exhibiting no hand preference and being equally proficient in the use of both.

Question 73

Positron emission tomography (PET) assesses the metabolic activity of

A)the brain, through measuring changes of blood flow.
B)glucose or oxygen in the brain, by following the path of a radioactive tracer injected intravenously.
C)the diffusion of water in the brain tissue, permitting the imaging of the white matter tracts.
D)brain tissue after exposure to a strong magnetic field.

Question 74

The term "gray matter" in relation to the brain refers to

A)myelinated axons mostly beneath the surface of the brain.
B)cell bodies in both cortical and subcortical regions.
C)cell bodies above the cortex.
D)the activation of a neuron, causing it to fire

Question 75

The generation of associations between experiences and emotions, and the storage and retrieval of memories is controlled by the

A)hypothalamus.
B)the cerebral cortex.
C)the limbic system.
D)brain stem.

Question 76

In the second year of life, girls, in general, do all of the following except

A)hop and skip sooner than boys.
B)do better in activities involving hand-eye coordination than boys.
C)throw objects farther and with greater velocity than boys.
D)show an earlier and more stable hand preference than boys.

Question 77

Contemporary theorists interpret motor development as

A)a product of maturation with experience having little influence.
B)resulting from operant conditioning.
C)following an explicitly developmental systems model.
D)an evolution from reflexes to conscious movements.

Question 78

An encephalographic measure of local changes in the brain electrical activity in response to specific stimuli is

A)electroencephalography.
B)event-related potentials.
C)magnetoencephalography.
D)transcranial magnetic simulation.

Question 79

What characteristic distinguishes humans from all other animas the most?

A)the ability to live in societies
B)a distinct digestive system
C)walking upright
D)intelligence

Question 80

What protects and insulates axons, speeding the rate at which nervous impulses can be sent, and reduces interference from other neurons?

A)myelin
B)serotonin
C)GABA
D)nodes