Deck 12: Attachment and Early Parent-Child Care

Question 1

Attachment theory was originally proposed by John Bowlby, a British psychiatrist trained in the

A)behavioralist approach.
B)information-processing approach.
C)psychoanalytical approach.
D)evolutionary approach.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The best analogy for the attachment an infant has for a mother or primary caregiver is

A)an invisible thread.
B)an umbilical cord.
C)a leash.
D)a safety net.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

For infants living in orphanages or those who had to spend a significant amount of time in hospitals because of health problems during the second half of the 19^th century and the first half of the 20^th century, death rates within their first year usually exceeded

A)10%.
B)25%.
C)50%.
D)75%.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Evidence from which emerging field caused Bowlby to see that infant-mother attachment was important not just for humans but for many species?

A)pathology
B)ethology
C)psychotherapy
D)sociology

Question 5

The attraction of mothers toward their children is called ___

A)attachment.
B)natural parenting.
C)bonding.
D)attachment-in-the-making.

Question 6

All of the following are hypotheses of Bowlby's related to attachment except

A)the main function of early infant-mother links is survival.
B)infant-mother links are especially significant early in life, when infants are particularly immature and helpless.
C)not all early close relationships in other species qualify as attachment: some are automatic.
D)all early close relationships in other species imply the development of caregiver recognition and a close relationship.

Question 7

Spitz identified an almost irreversible and deathly syndrome in children who were separated from their mothers or other significant caregivers for periods longer than 5 months during their first year of life and called it

A)attachment anxiety.
B)insecure-resistant attachment.
C)institutionalism.
D)hospitalism.

Question 8

It is possible that infants' attachment to their mothers developed as a means to protect them from all of the following except

A)animal predators.
B)co-wives.
C)stepparents.
D)their fathers.

Question 9

Infants become wary of unfamiliar adults and often seek security in their mother's (or other attachment figure's) arms when they are about

A)3 months old.
B)8 months old.
C)12 months old.
D)18 months old.

Question 10

Spitz's studies showed that staff-reared infants

A)showed significant signs of impairment for all aspects of psychological development.
B)showed about the same levels of development as mother-raised infants.
C)showed lower mortality rates than mother-raised infants.
D)showed slightly less levels of cognitive development than mother-raised infants.

Question 11

Bowlby's initial ideas about attachment were influenced all of the following sources except

A)the mystery of the high death rates of infants staying in hospitals and orphanages.
B)ethological research conducted by Lorenz and colleagues on imprinting in birds.
C)research with primates by Harry Harlow on "mother love."
D)Ainsworth and colleagues' assessment of quality of attachment in young children.

Question 12

Behaviorist Watson proposed all of the following except

A)modern science can provide the means of rearing children better than tradition or the supposed instincts of mothers.
B)limited parental affection is helpful for proper development.
C)parental love is a handicap for raising a child to become a competent adult.
D)too much mother love makes a child overly dependent on the approval of others and a social invalid.

Question 13

Which theory would explain that infants love their mothers because their others feed them?

A)psychoanalytic theory
B)learning theory
C)cognitive developmental theory
D)ethological theory

Question 14

People's assessments of children's "cuteness" vary with those persons'

A)age.
B)gender.
C)interest in being parents.
D)number of siblings.

Question 15

During his studies on imprinting in precocial birds, Lorenz noticed that in many species, including humans, infants' immature features trigger

A)feelings of love.
B)feelings of nostalgia.
C)caretaker behavior.
D)protective behavior.

Question 16

Changes did substantially reduce the death rates mentioned in the previous questions, but many infants were still dying and showing extreme emotional distress as a result of

A)psychological isolation.
B)unsanitary conditions.
C)incorrect diagnoses.
D)lack of medical attention.

Question 17

Spittz's findings were in the line with Bowlby's own clinical studies the lack of significant primary relationships for

A)orphans.
B)adopted children.
C)juvenile thieves.
D)convicted murderers.

Question 18

Infants feel separation distress when

A)unfamiliar strangers come near.
B)familiar toys are taken away from them.
C)their mother disappears for a time.
D)they are placed in unfamiliar environments

Question 19

The death rate for infants living in orphanages or those who had to spend a significant amount of time in hospitals because of health problems was attributed to

A)psychological isolation.
B)unsanitary conditions.
C)incorrect diagnoses.
D)lack of medical attention.

Question 20

In Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys, infant monkeys showed

A)a preference for contact comfort over food.
B)a preference for food over contact comfort.
C)a preference for real mothers over surrogate mothers.
D)a preference for moving mothers over still others.

Question 21

In which style of attachment do infants show little distress when their caregivers depart temporarily, avoid contact with them when they return, and usually do not show wariness of strangers?

A)secure attachment
B)disorganized/disoriented attachment
C)insecure-avoidant attachment
D)insecure-resistant attachment

Question 22

Researchers have argued that the Strange Situation is not an appropriate measure of attachment in all countries for all of the following reasons except

A)levels of stress may be higher for infants from cultures that are not American.
B)attachment is expressed differently in different cultures.
C)it was developed to represent only a moderately stressful experience for an infant.
D)infants in different cultures have different relationships with their mothers and others

Question 23

At playtime, babies typically prefer

A)their playmates.
B)their mothers.
C)their fathers.
D)toys rather than people.

Question 24

In which style of attachment do infants seek to be close to their caregivers in inconsistent ways, often showing patterns typical of other types of attachment simultaneously?

A)secure attachment
B)disorganized/disoriented attachment
C)insecure-avoidant attachment
D)insecure-resistant attachment

Question 25

The stage of attachment in which babies respond positively to nearly all normal acting people and do not show substantial distress at the presence of strangers or at being separated from their primary caregiver is

A)asocial attachment.
B)indiscriminate attachment.
C)clear-cut attachment.
D)multiple attachments.

Question 26

During the time when infants show a clear-cut interest in their primary caregivers, usually their mothers, and react with distress when mothers leave them, is referred t by all of the following terms except

A)asocial attachment.
B)separation attachment.
C)separation distress.
D)separation protest.

Question 27

In which style of attachment do infants keep very close to their caregivers, tend not to explore much, and become distressed when their caregivers leave them temporarily but display anger and initially rejection to contact when the caregivers return?

A)secure attachment
B)disorganized/disoriented attachment
C)insecure-avoidant attachment
D)insecure-resistant attachment

Question 28

The stage at which babies show increasing ability to understand their caregivers' behaviors and needs, and, accordingly, to show a more balanced, two-way relationship with their caregivers, is

A)asocial attachment.
B)indiscriminate attachment.
C)clear-cut attachment.
D)multiple attachments.

Question 29

Ainsworth's test is built on the assumption that attachment behaviors are best elicited under conditions of

A)security.
B)novelty.
C)social interaction.
D)mild stress.

Question 30

In which of the following tests, the more similar the observer's groupings are with an expert's description of prepared statements sorted into categories, the more securely attached the child is?

A)internal working models of attachment
B)Strange Situation
C)Attachment Q-Set
D)Five Factor Model

Question 31

The stage at which babies show a clear interest in their primary caregivers, usually their mothers, and react with distress when mothers leave them, particularly in novel situations is

A)asocial attachment.
B)indiscriminate attachment.
C)clear-cut attachment.
D)multiple attachments.

Question 32

About what percentage of the babies tested by Ainsworth and by others is classified as having secure attachment?

A)15%.
B)27%.
C)52%.
D)66%.

Question 33

Modern research shows that children develop ____ with different figures in a way that each of them fulfills some specific socioemotional need.

A)different sorts of attachments
B)a classification of attachments
C)relative attachments
D)transitory attachments

Question 34

The first and still most widely used method to measure the quality of attachment in children is a 20-minute test designed by Ainsworth called the

A)internal working models of attachment.
B)Strange Situation.
C)Attachment Q-Set.
D)Five Factor Model.

Question 35

Another term for attachment-in-the-making is

A)indiscriminate attachment.
B)preattachment.
C)specific attachment.
D)reciprocal relationship.

Question 36

All of the following were described by Harry and Margaret Harlow as one of the five important relationships found in primates, including humans except

A)peer relationships
B)sexual relationships.
C)father-offspring relationships.
D)sibling relationships.

Question 37

In the final stage of attachment is associated with

A)the infant's ability to verbally label and comprehend the use of emotions in oneself and others.
B)the infant's use of another person's emotional cues to interpret an ambiguous or uncertain event.
C)the ability of an infant to regulate his or her emotions.
D)the transition from sensorimotor to symbolic, or mental, representation

Question 38

In a study that controlled for mothers' motivation for having the bonding experience, what differences in mother-infant interactions were observed between women who had the critical skin-to-skin contact and those who did not?

A)Women who had the critical skin-to-skin contact bonded with their infants more than mothers who did not.
B)There was no significant difference in bonding between women who had the critical skin-to-skin contact with their infants and mothers who did not.
C)There were slightly significant increases in bonding between women who had the critical skin-to-skin contact with their infants and mothers who did not.
D)Women who did not have critical skin-to-skin contact bonded with their infants more than mothers who did.

Question 39

Early researchers identified all of the following as one of four stages of attachment except

A)preattachment.
B)attachment-in-the-making.
C)ambiguous attachment.
D)reciprocal relationship.

Question 40

Maestripieri's studies with monkeys found all of the following except

A)mother monkeys whose infants had died were observed to adopt abandoned infant monkeys, or even to kidnap infant monkeys.
B)when monkey mothers were separated from their own infants during the bonding period, the mothers later rejected the infant (and other infants) when they were reunited after the bonding period.
C)when mothers and infants were separated after the bonding period, the mothers sometimes later accepted other infants versus their own infants when they were reunited some significant time later.
D)when mothers and infants were separated after the bonding period, the mothers later accepted their infant when they were reunited some significant time later.

Question 41

Mother-infant harmonious interaction, in which the two take turns responding to each other's leads, needs, and emotions, is

A)shared attention.
B)bonding.
C)natural parenting.
D)interactional synchronicity.

Question 42

When infants acquire object permanence, they

A)know that their mother exists even if she is not present.
B)believe that their mother does not exist if they cannot see her.
C)believe that that their mother is an interesting but recurring event.
D)believe that their mother might not return if they cannot see her.

Question 43

Stability of attachment in infancy usually

A)causes secure attachment later in childhood.
B)is correlated with continuity of parenting styles over time.
C)has few lasting effects through childhood.
D)a predictor of children's later environment

Question 44

Which factors, in addition to sensitivity, have not been found as major contributors to attachment security?

A)the quality of the marital relationship
B)the presence of psychological problems such as depression or anxiety in mothers
C)the presence of a father
D)the general level of stress in the home

Question 45

Which of the following can infants recognize a few hours after birth?

A)human sounds
B)human faces
C)human touch
D)human affinity

Question 46

When an environment is stable and of high quality, the quality of attachment is

A)associated with low stability of attachment.
B)about as stable for infants who are being neglected or abused.
C)likely to be stable over time.
D)associated with frequent changes in the quality of attachment.

Question 47

Bowlby noted that the one thing that hard-core delinquent boys had in common was

A)a lack of a warm attachment in infancy.
B)a poor school record.
C)an absent father.
D)a low socioeconomic status.

Question 48

Which of the following has been applied most successfully to explaining at least some aspects of the infant-mother attachment?

A)evolutionary theory
B)information-processing theory
C)psychoanalytic theory
D)cognitive development theory

Question 49

Which of the following is a factor that has consistently been found to be related to quality of infant-mother interactional synchronicity?

A)families with children who have parents outside the marriage
B)maternal depression
C)maternal substance abuse
D)paternal detachment

Question 50

The main purpose of attachment signs is to

A)keep a child's mother close.
B)help the child survive.
C)keep away strangers.
D)attract the mother to the child.

Question 51

Which of the following is most characteristic of mothers of insecure-resistant infants?

A)The mothers were not very interested in their babies.
B)The mothers frequently misinterpret their infants' signals.
C)The mothers frequently ignore their infants' signals
D)The mothers are unresponsive to their infants' signals.

Question 52

Ainsworth and her colleagues emphasized which of the following as the main cause of individual differences in quality of attachment?

A)environment
B)maternal sensitivity
C)infant security
D)presence of strangers

Question 53

Studies have the attachment style of children in foster cares is best predicted by the behavior of

A)children's biological mothers.
B)children's foster mothers.
C)other foster siblings.
D)the children themselves.

Question 54

Which of the following involves relatively prolonged periods of interactional exchanges with coordination of bodies and facial expressions over time?

A)interactional synchronicity
B)internal working models of attachment
C)caregiver attunement
D)natural parenting

Question 55

The positive effects of secure attachment are so many and so rich that McDevitt and Ormond (2004) described secure attachment in terms of a

A)booster shot.
B)security blanket.
C)shield
D)multivitamin.

Question 56

The effects on infant-mother attachment of attending quality daycare have been shown to be

A)small but controversial.
B)small and well-established.
C)significant but controversial.
D)significantly detrimental.

Question 57

Which of the following is most characteristic of mothers of insecure-avoidant infants?

A)The mothers were not very interested in their babies.
B)The mothers frequently misinterpret their infants' signals.
C)The mothers frequently ignore their infants' signals
D)The mothers are unresponsive to their infants' signals.

Question 58

Synchrony and a mother's sensitivity to her infant's signals are probably more easily seen when babies are

A)playing.
B)about to take a nap.
C)in the presence of unfamiliar people.
D)being spoon-fed.

Question 59

The main purpose of infant attachment behaviors is to

A)keep its mother close.
B)survive.
C)keep away strangers.
D)attract the mother to the child.

Question 60

Scarr and associates identified all of the following features of daycare that are associated with the quality of a child's experience except

A) age of the child.
B) caregiver-to-child ratio.
C) group size.
D) caregiver training and experience.

Question 61

According to which theory do sexes differ in how much they invest in mating versus parenting?

A)the internal working models of attachment
B)the parental investment theory
C)the cooperative breeding hypothesis
D)natural parenting

Question 62

A central explanatory mechanism in attachment theory, originally formulated by Bowlby, is

A)the internal working models of attachment.
B)the parental investment theory.
C)the cooperative breeding hypothesis.
D)natural parenting.

Question 63

In virtually all societies, the task of child-rearing falls to

A)families.
B)mothers only.
C)mothers and fathers only.
D)parents and grandparents only.

Question 64

In young mammals, including humans, infant distress caused by either internal states (such as hunger) or separation from the mother is associated with a reduction in

A)amygdala.
B)stress hormones.
C)opioids.
D)attachment.

Question 65

Human men are among approximately what percentage of male mammals that invest in their offspring after birth?

A)5%
B)12%
C)26%
D)56%

Question 66

Children's working models of their attachment figures and of themselves provide them with a set of expectations for themselves and for their mothers/ caregivers

A)throughout life.
B)for all circumstances they encounter.
C)under certain circumstances.
D)that apply to their friends as well as themselves.

Question 67

All of the following are associated with boys with an insecure-avoidant attachment style except

A)they display aggressive behavior.
B)they may have high status in male peer groups.
C)being tough is a better strategy for social success than being cooperative in a tough environment.
D)they tend to become well-adjusted as adults, once they are free of the harsh environment of their childhoods.

Question 68

"Just because something has been influenced by natural selection and has evolved says nothing about its social or moral acceptability" is a

A)personal fable.
B)biological theory.
C)naturalistic truth.
D)naturalistic fallacy.

Question 69

According to what theory should the care, or investment, we provide to children be influenced by genetic relatedness?

A)natural parenting
B)inclusive-fitness theory
C)the cooperative breeding hypothesis
D)internal working models of attachment

Question 70

In contrast to more traditional societies,, infants in Western countries are rarely held more than

A)10% of the day.
B)25% of the day.
C)35% of the day.
D)45% of the day

Question 71

Which of the following is not a term used to describe the suggestion that modern parents should return to a more traditional form of parenting, one practiced by our ancestors?

A)caretaker parenting
B)instinctive parenting
C)natural parenting
D)attachment parenting

Question 72

Girls who experience insecure, high-stress, undependable, and unpredictable environments tend to do all of the following except

A)mature sooner.
B)engage in sex earlier.
C)put off having children until later in life.
D)invest less in the children they have.

Question 73

Research has shown that all of the following are true of children with secure attachment in comparison with children who do not have secure attachment except

A)they tend to have better relationships with their parents and peers.
B)they have fewer problems with depression, alcoholism, and eating disorders.
C)they may have advantages for growing up in harsh and unpredictable social environments.
D)they display more positive personality characteristics, such as self-esteem and self-confidence.

Question 74

What percentage of genes do full siblings share?

A)12.5%
B)25%
C)50%
D)100%

Question 75

Attachment has received much research attention over the decades for all of the following reasons except

A)it is a child's first relationship, which may serve as the basis for future relationships with others.
B)attachment is easy t study because it is not influenced by more basic biological factors.
C)attachment between infants and their mothers greatly increases the chances that children will survive.
D)quality of attachment in infancy is related to behavioral, social, emotional, and cognitive adjustment later in life.

Question 76

Which of the following has been called "the love hormone"?

A)oxytocin
B)oxycontin
C)cortisol
D)testosterone

Question 77

In Bartholomew and Horowitz's model, Representation of Self = Negative and Representation of Others = Fearful (Negative) results in

A)secure primary attachments.
B)disorganized/disoriented primary attachments.
C)insecure-avoidant primary attachments.
D)insecure-resistant primary attachments

Question 78

Inclusive-fitness theory predicts that, all other things being equal, the greater _______ between the child and the investor, the more care that individual should devote to the child.

A)the physical similarity
B)the closeness of the relationship
C)the similarity of personalities
D)the genetic similarity

Question 79

If infants' early lives are dominated by unpredictability and a lack of caregiver warmth, they will have different neurohormonal experiences, including all of the following except

A)increased stress hormones.
B)increased oxytocin.
C)decreased opioids.
D)increased levels of cortisol.

Question 80

In Bartholomew and Horowitz's model, Representation of Self = Positive and Representation of Others = Dismissing (Negative) results in

A)secure primary attachments.
B)disorganized/disoriented primary attachments.
C)insecure-avoidant primary attachments.
D)insecure-resistant primary attachments