Deck 11: Emotion, Temperament, and Personality Development

Question 1

Which of the following is not important to answer about children's emotional development?

A)emotional expression
B)emotional recognition
C)emotional understanding
D)emotional universality

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The term ______ is often used synonymously with emotion and refers to the outward expression of an emotion.

A)affect
B)empathy
C)extroversion
D)temperament

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The best way to read people's emotions is usually

A)body language.
B)facial expressions.
C)what they say.
D)gestures.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following is not a major aspect of emotional development?

A)emotional expression
B)emotional recognition
C)emotional retreat
D)emotional self-regulation

Question 5

All of the following are true of emotions except

A)Emotions are independent of cognitions.
B)The same physiological arousal may represent different emotions depending on how we interpret a situation.
C)Each emotion is actually a palette of emotions.
D)Emotions are not always expressed one after another in a discrete manner but are sometimes mixed.

Question 6

The belief that basic emotions are innate and associated with distinctive bodily and facial reactions is called the

A)discrete emotion theory.
B)functionalist perspective.
C)adaptive direction.
D)personal fable.

Question 7

Devries studies suggest that the babies most likely to survive in famine in Kenya were

A)babies with easy temperaments.b babies who cried the least.
B)babies who cried the most.
C)babies who were the most ill.

Question 8

Which of the following has revitalized research in emotional development and placed the study of emotions in an evolutionary context, as originally proposed by Darwin more than 130 years ago?

A)discrete emotion theory
B)surgency
C)the functionalist perspective
D)the Five Factor Model

Question 9

Ethologists have generally subscribed to the view that emotions evolved as

A)movements of expression.
B)survival mechanisms.
C)part of shared attention.
D)early guides to ethical behavior.

Question 10

What causes us to act-to make decisions one way or another, to care about the outcomes of our behavior, and to care about other people?

A)intelligence
B)reasoning
C)emotions
D)personality

Question 11

The evolutionary origins of disgust are likely associated with the rejection of

A)people who were emotionally hurtful.
B)bad-tasting and likely illness-inducing foods.
C)disapproval of others' behavior.
D)dangerous animals.

Question 12

Children who feel one emotion (disappointment about receiving a toy they already have as a gift) but display another (joy, to the person who gave them the toy) reflects an ability
To

A)be deceptive.
B)show empathy.
C)be compassionate
D)regulate their emotions.

Question 13

Which of the following possible adaptive goals are associated with sadness?

A)Conserve energy; learn which goals are realizable; encourage nurturance by others
B)Attain difficult goals; learn to overcome obstacles; communicate power/dominance
C)Behave prosocially; learn/maintain social standards; communicate submission to others
D)Behave appropriately; learn/maintain social standards; maintain others' respect and affection; preserve self-esteem

Question 14

Which of the following is not one of the basic six emotions that Darwin described?

A)anger
B)fear
C)jealousy
D)disgust

Question 15

According to Darwin, emotions are universal and

A)have species-specific adaptive functions.
B)have underlying cognitive origins.
C)are necessary for survival.
D)subject to natural selection.

Question 16

Which of the following possible adaptive goals are associated with shame?

A)Conserve energy; learn which goals are realizable; encourage nurturance by others
B)Attain difficult goals; learn to overcome obstacles; communicate power/dominance
C)Behave prosocially; learn/maintain social standards; communicate submission to others
D)Behave appropriately; learn/maintain social standards; maintain others' respect and affection; preserve self-esteem

Question 17

Darwin proposed that the facial expressions and emotions seen in both humans and animals were based on a common physiological system and thus reflected

A)social referencing.
B)emotional recognition
C)continuity of function.
D)primary emotions

Question 18

Which of the following are the last things for which children develop disgust?

A)people who frighten them
B)core disgusts
C)the animal reminder category
D)social and moral infractions

Question 19

Darwin's ideas, viewing emotions as playing an adaptive role, helping individuals to achieve specific goals related to survival is referred to as the

A)discrete emotion theory.
B)functionalist perspective.
C)adaptive direction.
D)personal fable.

Question 20

Which of the following emerges during the first year of life?

A)primary emotions
B)secondary emotions
C)self-conscious emotions
D)cultural emotions

Question 21

Beginning around 6 months of age, infants develop a fear of

A)unfamiliar animals.
B)unfamiliar people.
C)being alone.
D)heights.

Question 22

Which of the following are not secondary emotions that emerge between 2.5 and 3 years of age?

A)hubris
B)guilt
C)shame
D)empathy

Question 23

Which of the following reflects a child's awareness of other people's evaluation of his or her actions?

A)jealousy.
B)nonevaluative embarrassment.
C)emotional bonding.
D)empathy.

Question 24

Separation distress, which develops in the second half of the first year of life, is linked to

A)stranger distress.
B)negative emotionality.
C)the establishment of attachment.
D)biological sensitivity to context.

Question 25

The ability to recognize, perceive, and feel the emotions of another is

A)compassion.
B)sympathy.
C)empathy.
D)bonding.

Question 26

Secondary emotions are a reflection of children's emerging cognitive development, especially their ability for

A)self-awareness.b self-preservation.
B)subconscious thoughts.
C)motivation.

Question 27

The idea that infants and children (as well as monkeys) are prepared by natural selection to attend to and acquire some things more readily than others is called

A)prepared learning.
B)evolutionary instincts.
C)instinctive fear.
D)social learning.

Question 28

Smiles of infants that are elicited by internal states are associated with all of the following except

A)that they are endogenous smiles.
B)that they are social smiling.
C)that they might be precursors of the emotion joy.
D)that they are signs of some positive bodily state.

Question 29

Specific secondary emotions are probably subject most to

A)shame.
B)cultural variation.
C)love.
D)human nature.

Question 30

Which of the following is an emotion that infants do not express when they are about 4 to 6 months old?

A)sadness
B)happiness
C)anger
D)jealously

Question 31

Shame is associated with which of the following, especially in boys?

A)elevated reactions to cortisol
B)decreased reactions to cortisol
C)indifference to cortisol's intended purpose
D)lack of production of cortisol

Question 32

According to Lewis, in the second half of the second year of life, all of the following new secondary emotions emerge except

A)envy.
B)nonevaluative embarrassment.
C)emotional bonding.
D)empathy.

Question 33

At about what age does infants' smiling indicate feelings of happiness?

A)at birth
B)at 1 month
C)at 3 months
D)at 6 months

Question 34

At what age do infants' cries become sufficiently differentiated that a familiar adult can know if the infant is hungry, in pain, or experiencing some other form of distress?

A)at birth
B)at 1 month
C)at 3 months
D)at 6 months

Question 35

Secondary emotions become apparent

A)at birth.
B)at about 3 months of age.
C)at about 12 months of age.
D)at about 15 and 18 months of age.

Question 36

Which of the following is the last important basic emotion to emerge in infancy?

A)sadness
B)joy
C)fear
D)anger

Question 37

Babies show the greatest fear of

A)all strangers.
B)male strangers.
C)female strangers.
D)strangers of other races.

Question 38

Secondary emotions are also called

A)subconscious emotions.b other-conscious emotions.
B)self-centered emotions.
C)distressful emotions.

Question 39

Which of the following is not true?

A)Infants have an innate fear of snakes.b Infants are prepared to acquire a fear of snakes.
B)Infants are particularly attentive to evolutionarily relevant animals in comparison to animals that are less likely to have caused harm to our ancestors.
C)People attend more quickly to evolutionarily relevant stimuli than to evolutionarily irrelevant stimuli.

Question 40

Which can be seen as different sides of the same coin?

A)fear and anger
B)pride and shame
C)guilt and shame
D)pride and guilt

Question 41

Internalizing can include all of the following except

A)phobias.
B)aggressive behavior.
C)depression.
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 42

"Changes associated with activation of emotions" is the definition of

A)effortful control.
B)emotional self-regulation.
C)extraversion.
D)biological sensitivity to context.

Question 43

During the second period of emotional development, between age 7 to about 9 years, children are developing an increased ability to

A)understand the mixed nature of emotions.
B)understand the possibility of regulating emotions through cognition.
C)take the perspective of others.
D)understand the role of desires and belief on emotions.

Question 44

The most relevant factor in the development of emotional self-regulation is

A)shared attention.
B)experiencing all components of emotion.
C)cognitive maturation.
D)culture.

Question 45

Most adolescents in most countries today view the period of adolescence as

A)a time of great disruption.
B)a troublesome and tumultuous period in their lives
C)a time when they must rebel against their parents to achieve adult psychological well-being.
D)basically a healthy, happy, and optimistic time.

Question 46

The median age of onset for both anxiety disorders and impulse control disorders, which include conduct disorders, is

A)5 years.
B)8 years.
C)11 years.
D)13 years.

Question 47

During the third period of emotional development, between age 9 to about 11 years, children are developing an increased ability to

A)understand the mixed nature of emotions.
B)understand the possibility hiding emotions.
C)take the perspective of others.
D)understand the role of desires and belief on emotions.

Question 48

When are infants able to recognize most emotional expressions of others in terms of people's faces or voices?

A)at about I month
B)at about 3 months
C)at about 6 months
D)at about I year

Question 49

What is likely the most frequent type of externalizing problem in childhood?

A)oppositional defiant disorder
B)eating disorders
C)conduct disorder
D)ADHD

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of the component belief?

A)A child who likes chocolate-chip ice cream will feel "happy" about having it for dessert.
B)A rabbit that does not know that a fox is hidden behind nearby bushes is not "scared."
C)A child will feel "sad" when looking at photographs of a pet that died some years ago.
D)A child can feel "sad" by lying to someone, or feel "happy" by helping.

Question 51

Infants beginning around 12 months of age

A)display a negative bias.
B)display a positive bias.
C)take the positive cues adults give them more seriously than the negative cues.
D)are self-absorbed and no affected by positive or negative cues.

Question 52

During the first period of emotional development, between age 3 to about 7 years, children experience all of the following components except

A)recognition
B)external cause
C)desire
D)belief

Question 53

During the first period of emotional development, between age 3 to about 7 years, children are developing an increased ability to

A)understand the mixed nature of emotions.
B)understand the possibility of regulating emotions through cognition.
C)take the perspective of others.
D)understand the role of desires and belief on emotions.

Question 54

Which of the following has not been found in research into adolescents who experience emotional disturbances?

A)Males display more internalizing problems and females display more externalizing problems.
B)Oppositional defiant disorder often predicts the more serious conduct disorder.
C)Rates of childhood and adolescent psychopathology nearly doubled after 1990.
D)Fewer than half of children and adolescents with serious emotional problems graduate from high school

Question 55

A milestone in the development of emotional recognition that refers to "the use of another's emotional cues to clarify the interpretation of an ambiguous or uncertain event" is

A)emotional autonomy.
B)biological sensitivity to context.
C)social referencing.
D)extraversion.

Question 56

The median age for substance abuse is

A)11 years
B)14 years.
C)18 years.
D)20 years.

Question 57

During the second period of emotional development, between age 7 to about 9 years, children experience all of the following components except

A)morality.
B)reminder.
C)desire.
D)hiding.

Question 58

Which of the following is an aspect of emotional understanding?

A)feeling pride, guilt and shame
B)being sensitive to sudden changes in caregivers' emotions
C)knowing the relationship between morality and emotions
D)self-regulating emotional stress

Question 59

Which of the following is an aspect of emotional recognition?

A)feeling pride, guilt and shame
B)being sensitive to sudden changes in caregivers' emotions
C)knowing the relationship between morality and emotions
D)self-regulating emotional stress

Question 60

All of the following are associated with emotional autonomy except

A)it occurs in a sudden upheaval.
B)it is achieved by psychologically separating from parents to establish an independent identity.
C)it reflects an increase in adolescents' subjective sense of their independence.
D)most adolescents do not detach from their parents.

Question 61

Females' immediate reaction to stressful situations has been described as

A)fight or flight.
B)tend and befriend.
C)leave or believe.
D)stop and start

Question 62

Which of the following is linked to the capacity to inhibit a dominant response and predirect attention to another goal?

A)negative emotionality
B)surgency, or extraversion
C)orienting/regulation
D)biological sensitivity to context

Question 63

Most psychologists agree that all of the following characterize temperament except

A) it has a clear biological, constitutional, or inherited basis.
B)it is present and observable at birth or shortly thereafter.
C)it is not the same as personality.
D)it is relatively stable over time.

Question 64

Which of the following is not true of easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up babies?

A)Easy babies and difficult babies are most alike.
B)Easy babies and slow-to-warm-up babies are most alike.
C)Slow-to-warm-up and difficult babies are most alike.
D)The three types of babies are not alike in any significant way.

Question 65

Which factor focuses on how afraid, touchy, tearful, and steady (in the reverse direction) individuals are?

A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Agreeableness
D)Openness-to-Experience

Question 66

The body deals with stress by producing

A)testosterone or estrogen.
B)adrenalin.
C)synapses.
D)cortisol.

Question 67

Which of the following has research shown to be most likely?

A)High-reactive but shy Japanese children are sensitive to contextual differences, making it easy for them to determine how to behave in various situations.
B)Low-reactive Japanese children are not as sensitive to contextual differences, making it more likely that they will behave improperly in certain situations.
C)High-reactive and shy American children have a more reliable social structure to guide their behavior than Japanese children.
D)low-reactive and uninhibited children in an individualistic society like the U.S. enjoy the excitement of risk and meeting new people.,

Question 68

All of the following have been found to be associated with high reactive children except

A)about 40% of children are low-reactive.
B)they tend to become unsociable and fearful when they are about 2 years old.
C)if they are minimally fearful, they are called uninhibited.
D)they show low levels of motor activity and irritability when they are 4 months old.

Question 69

Which of the following is a difference between temperament and personality?

A)only personality includes reliable behavioral traits that describe how individuals interact with their world
B)only temperament is observable early in life
C)only personality is biologically based
D)personality includes higher-order cognitions and societal influences

Question 70

The increase over the past several decades of emotional disorders in children and adolescents has been associated with

A)advances in pharmacology.
B)increased breakups of families
C)greater availability of illegal drugs.
D)increased social isolation.

Question 71

Personality is ______ over time and situations.

A)relatively stable
B)quite stable
C)relatively changeable
D)very changeable

Question 72

Which of the following is related to positive affect and activity?

A)negative emotionality
B)surgency, or extraversion
C)orienting/regulation
D)biological sensitivity to context

Question 73

Which is the least understood and most debated factor?

A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Agreeableness
D)Openness-to-Experience

Question 74

What percentage of adolescents experience clinical depression?

A)between 5% and 7%
B)between 15% and 20%
C)between 30% and 35%
D)between 47% and 50%

Question 75

All of the following have been found to be associated with high reactive children except

A)about 2% of children are high reactive.
B)they show vigorous motor activity and distress in response to unfamiliar stimuli when they are 4 months old.
C)in their second year, they tend to become shy, timid, and fearful in response to unfamiliar events.
D)in their second year, about one-third of them will become inhibited.

Question 76

Which factor focuses on how original, creative, aesthetically sensitive, knowledgeable, and curious individuals are?

A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Agreeableness
D)Openness-to-Experience

Question 77

Which of the following is not one of the lower-order traits of conscientiousness?

A)cynicism
B)orderliness
C)conventiality
D)attention

Question 78

Research has shown that boys tend to exhibit higher ___ than girls.

A)negative emotionality
B)surgency
C)orienting/regulation
D)biological sensitivity to context

Question 79

The most important innovation in personality theory over the past 20 years has been the development of the

A)Stanford-Binet test
B)Five Factor Model
C)Wechsler scales
D)Dimensions of Temperament

Question 80

Effortful control is associated with

A)negative emotionality.
B)surgency.
C)orienting/regulation.
D)biological sensitivity to context.