Deck 3: Victims and Victimization

Question 1

The poorest Americans are also the most likely victims of violent and property crimes.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Reconciliation programs are based on the concept of restorative justice.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization is known as passive precipitation.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An example of a rape myth would be "women contribute to their rape by dressing provocatively." ​

Question 5

Some victims, for instance, the elderly, the poor, and minority group members, develop a persistent and paralyzing fear that they will again become victimized.​

Question 6

Most student rape and sexual assault victimizations occurred while the victim was pursuing leisure activities away from home, compared to nonstudents who were engaged in activities at home.

Question 7

Households that have experienced victimization in the past are the least likely to experience victimization again in the future.​

Question 8

Women in college face the risk of sexual assault at a higher rate than women in the general population.​

Question 9

Schools are the locale of a great deal of victimization because they are populated by a dangerous segment of society, teenage males.​

Question 10

Victim precipitation theory suggests that crime victims may trigger attacks by acting provocatively.

Question 11

According to the routing activities theory, neighbors are considered capable guardians.​

Question 12

Routine activities theory has three variables, a lack of capable guardians, motivated offenders, and an outlet for stolen goods.

Question 13

Research shows that children repeatedly victimized before the age of 12 are the ones most susceptible to a number of physical and mental health issues, smoking, and homelessness.

Question 14

State Victims' Bills of Rights generally include allowing the victim to be consulted in determining an appropriate sentence.

Question 15

According to target vulnerability, having attractive possessions may make one vulnerable to predatory crime.​

Question 16

Until about 50 years ago, crime victims were viewed by criminologists as passive targets who were considered to be in the "wrong place at the wrong time."​

Question 17

Approximately two-thirds of rapes and sexual assaults occur between the hours of 6:00 p.m. and 6:00

Question 18

People with high-risk lifestyles have a lower risk of victimization.​

Question 19

Children who are psychologically, sexually, or physically abused are more likely to suffer low self-esteem and be more suicidal as adults.​

Question 20

Males are more likely than females to be victimized by someone they know.​

Question 21

Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves. This abuse-crime phenomenon is termed the cycle of ______.​

A) ​abuse
B) ​crime
C) ​violence
D) ​victimization

Question 22

The treatment rape survivors receive from legal, medical, and mental health services is sometimes so destructive that victims cannot help feeling _____.

A) "re-tried"
B) "re-blamed"
C) "re-raped"
D) "re-pained"

Question 23

Awards for victim compensation funds typically range from $25,000 to $50,000 depending on the state.

Question 24

Emergency counseling for crime victims is often referred to as crisis intervention.

Question 25

People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost __________ than that of city dwellers.​

A) ​25 percent higher
B) 50 percent higher​
C) 25 percent lower​
D) ​50 percent lower

Question 26

Gender affects victimization risk. Which of the following is a significant gender difference?​

A) ​Men are less likely to be victims of violent crime.
B) ​Women are more likely to be victims of robbery.
C) ​Women are more likely to be victimized by a stranger.
D) ​Women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know.

Question 27

Research has depicted that victim/witness statements on sentencing have been the overwhelming greatest success for victims' rights in the last 10 years.

Question 28

Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age ______.

A) ​25
B) ​30
C) ​35
D) ​40

Question 29

__________ refers to a victim's physical weakness or psychological stress that renders him or her incapable of resisting or deterring crime.​

A) ​Target vulnerability
B) ​Group vulnerability
C) ​Target weakness
D) ​Vulnerable target

Question 30

Referencing the social ecology of victimization, in general, where is a violent crime more likely to take place?​

A) ​In a post office
B) ​In a school
C) ​In a private home
D) In a park​

Question 31

Which of the following households is most vulnerable to crime?​

A) ​A rented urban home in the West
B) ​An owned rural home in the West
C) ​A rented suburban home in the East
D) ​An owned rural home in the East

Question 32

There has been a decline in domestic violence cases during the past decade.​

Question 33

Being abused or neglected as a child __________ the odds of being arrested, both as a juvenile and as an adult.​

A) ​decreases
B) ​increases
C) initially increases then decreases​
D) ​does not impact

Question 34

What discovery prompted the scientific study of victims?​

A) ​The discovery that society focuses on the offender's role in the crime process
B) ​The discovery that victims play an important role in the crime process
C) ​The discovery that the crime process is skewed toward offenders
D) ​The discovery that the crime process is skewed toward victims

Question 35

Females are ___ times more likely than males to be victims of rape and sexual assault.​

A) two
B) four
C) six
D) ​10

Question 36

Victimization risk is influenced by marital status. Which of the following groups has the lowest rate of victimization?​

A) ​Widowers and divorced people
B) ​Widows and widowers
C) ​Widows and single people
D) ​Divorced and single people

Question 37

Why are schools the locale of a great deal of victimization?​

A) ​Because schools lack adult supervision during class times
B) ​Because schools are populated by teenage males
C) ​Because schools lack adult supervision during lunch hours
D) ​Because schools are populated by antisocial teens

Question 38

The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called ______.

A) posttraumatic stress disorder
B) ​disassociation disorder
C) ​psychosis anxiety
D) ​victimization anxiety

Question 39

Because elderly often live on their own and may appear lonely, they are more susceptible to ______.​

A) ​rape
B) ​fraud
C) ​robbery
D) ​arson

Question 40

When the court issues an ex parte order, it sets up another hearing with notice to the defendant; this is usually called a return day.

Question 41

Beth conducts a lot of research on children of abuse. According to the published research on children who are abused, which of the following is not a likely characteristic of victims?​

A) ​Suffer lower self-esteem
B) ​Are more suicidal as adults
C) ​Are abused as adults
D) ​Have successful careers

Question 42

_____ programs assist victims who feel isolated and vulnerable and who are in need of immediate or emergency services.​

A) ​Crisis support
B) ​Crisis intervention
C) ​Victim intervention
D) ​Victim services

Question 43

Which victimization theory promotes that victimization risk is related to neighborhood crime rates?​

A) ​Victim precipitation
B) ​Lifestyle
C) ​Deviant place
D) ​Routine activities

Question 44

The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors-the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of motivated offenders-is called _____ theory.​

A) ​victim precipitation
B) routine activities​
C) ​lifestyle
D) ​deviant place

Question 45

Research on males and females indicates a strong association between victimization and which personality characteristic?​

A) ​Stubbornness
B) ​Impulsivity
C) ​Tenacity
D) ​Depression

Question 46

Surveys reveal that ____ percent of the general public have been victimized by crime at least once in their lives.​

A) ​25
B) ​55
C) ​75
D) ​95

Question 47

According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?​

A) ​Because unemployment rose, resulting in an increase in motivated offenders
B) ​Because the amount of suburban neighborhoods decreased, resulting in a population shift to urban neighborhoods
C) ​Because a demographic bulge in the population resulted in an increased number of motivated offenders
D) ​Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce

Question 48

According to the routine activities theory, all of the following are considered capable guardians except ______.

A) ​police officers
B) ​homeowners
C) ​security systems
D) ​teenage boys

Question 49

According to deviant place theory, the greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more likely people will become victims of crime and violence. Which factor does not characterize a deviant/dangerous place?​

A) ​A highly transient neighborhood
B) ​A neighborhood with educational and residential properties
C) A poor neighborhood​
D) A neighborhood with commercial and residential properties​

Question 50

Tom has been repeatedly victimized while wearing the home team's football jersey while sitting on the visiting team's side of the football field. The _____ aspect of repeat victimization accounts for Tom's troubles.​

A) ​target vulnerability
B) ​target gratifiability
C) ​target hostility
D) ​target antagonism

Question 51

Victim compensation is financial aid awarded to victims to repay them for loss and injury. Who ordinarily pays this compensation?​

A) ​Victim advocates
B) ​The offender
C) ​The federal government
D) ​The state

Question 52

Counselors who help victims to understand the operations of the criminal justice system, who guide victims through the justice process, and who may provide transportation to and from court are called victim _____.

A) ​advisors
B) ​reconcilers
C) ​advocates
D) ​compensators

Question 53

Beth wrote an article about the cycle of _____________, which explained that victims of childhood abuse are more likely to commit crimes themselves.​

A) ​abuse
B) ​crime
C) ​rape
D) ​violence

Question 54

According to routine activities theory, which of the following is considered a motivated offender?​

A) ​Addict population
B) ​Casual offenders
C) ​Those living in poverty
D) Juveniles​

Question 55

The most controversial element of the victims' rights movement is the ______.

A) ​removal of witness protection programs
B) ​development of offender registration laws
C) ​creation of restitution programs
D) ​unconstitutional nature of victim impact statements

Question 56

Mediated face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers that are designed to produce restitution agreements are called _____ programs.​

A) ​recidivist prevention
B) ​trial diversion
C) victim-offender reconciliation
D) ​alternative dispute resolution

Question 57

According to the research, how many of all U.S. households contain guns?​

A) One-tenth​
B) ​One-fourth
C) ​One-third
D) ​One-half

Question 58

Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization?​

A) ​Victim precipitation theory
B) ​Deviant place theory
C) ​Victim impulsivity theory
D) ​Routine activities theory

Question 59

Beth's progression from child victim to advocate for victims may best be explained by an increase in her ______.

A) ​school scholarships
B) ​income
C) ​age
D) ​institutional support

Question 60

What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?​

A) ​Impulsive precipitation
B) ​Passive precipitation
C) ​Reflexive precipitation
D) ​Active precipitation

Question 61

____ are effective deterrents to crime, such as police or watchful neighbors.​

Question 62

According to routine activities theory, costly jewelry, expensive cars, and easily transportable goods are considered ______.​

Question 63

According to Finkelhor and Asigian's research on typologies of victimization, __________ refers to the victim having some quality or skill that an offender wants to obtain or use which may increase their chances of victimization.

Question 64

According to the lifestyles theory, Christopher should associate with _________ in order to lower his chances of victimization.​

A) ​athletes
B) ​boys
C) ​girls
D) ​college students

Question 65

Christopher's mother is convinced there are certain places in their community that are deviant because they are home to "demoralized people." All of the following may be considered "demoralized people" except the​ ______.

A) ​homeless
B) ​drug addicted
C) ​mentally ill
D) ​middle class

Question 66

A victim's ______________ generally includes the right to be present at criminal proceedings.​

Question 67

Christopher is convinced that if he carries a weapon, he will not be victimized. He is trying to convince his mother that when he turns 18, he should be allowed to carry a gun. What does the research say about victimization and carrying a weapon?​

A) ​Males who carried weapons were half as likely to be victimized as those who did not.
B) ​Males who carried weapons were twice as likely to be victimized as those who did not.
C) ​Males who carried weapons were three times more likely to be victimized as those who did not.
D) ​Males who carried weapons were three times less likely to be victimized as those who did not.

Question 68

Financial aid awarded to crime victims is referred to as ____________.​

Question 69

One afternoon Christopher is speaking to his friend Johnny on the phone. His mother is secretly listening to their conversation and realizes that Johnny was robbed at the corner store a few blocks from his house. Johnny is trying to recruit Christopher to help him retaliate against his attacker. Johnny knows the attacker is a kid who lives a few blocks away from him. According to the deviant place theory, which term best describes Johnny's desire to retaliate against his attacker?

A) ​Honor code
B) ​Code of the playground
C) ​Prison rules
D) ​Street code

Question 70

Criminologists who focus on victims of crime are known as ____________.​

Question 71

_________ is the study of the victim's role in criminal events.​

Question 72

________ is provided for victims who feel isolated, vulnerable, and in need of immediate services.​

Question 73

The cycle of ___________ is the concept that victims of crime, especially victims of childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves.​

Question 74

Victim ______ theory suggests that crime victims may trigger attacks by acting provocatively.​

Question 75

Psychological reaction to a highly stressful event which includes symptoms of depression, anxiety, and recurring nightmares is known as ______.

Question 76

_______ precipitation is aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization.​

Question 77

Christopher's mother forbids him from allowing friends come over to his house because she does not trust them. She believes that, because they are teenagers, they will want to use drugs, drink, and possibly even steal from her home. Christopher's mother is classifying teenagers as ______.

A) ​capable guardians
B) ​motivated offenders
C) ​suitable targets
D) ​suitable offenders

Question 78

According to research by Finkelhor and Asigian on typologies of victimization, ________________ would refer to an individual who increases his or her risk of victimization by becoming argumentative ​while drunk.

Question 79

According to Finkelhor and Asigian's research on typologies of victimization, __________________ refers to the victim's physical weakness or psychological distress rendering the victim incapable of resisting or deterring crime.