Deck 2: The Nature and Extent of Crime

Question 1

The National Crime Victimization Survey addresses the nonreporting of crime issue inherent in the UCR.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Crime peaks in adolescence and then declines rapidly thereafter.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Property crime rates have declined in recent years, dropping more than 10 percent during the past decade.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Although the gap is narrowing, males have a higher crime rate than females.

Question 5

As the number of guns in the population increases, so do violent crime rates.​

Question 6

The "Hierarchy Rule" impacts the validity of the National Crime Victimization Survey.​

Question 7

Racial threat theory contends that as the percentage of African Americans in the population increases, so does the amount of social control that the justice system aims at blacks.​

Question 8

The weight of recent research suggests that serious crime is more prevalent in socially disorganized lower-class areas.​

Question 9

The Bureau of Justice Statistics is the federal agency that collects data from local law enforcement agencies and publishes them yearly in its Uniform Crime Report (UCR).​

Question 10

The view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men is known as liberal feminist theory.

Question 11

Aging out is a term used to address the ending of a sentence for those convicted of lengthy felony sentences.

Question 12

The elderly are particularly resistant to the temptations of crime.​

Question 13

Racial and ethnic differentials in crime rates are tied to economic and social disparity.​

Question 14

In relation to property crime, the peak age of offending is believed to be about 26 years of age.
​

Question 15

Most reported crimes occur during the months of April and May.​

Question 16

Although people are disturbed by media accounts of violent incidents, in reality media reports simply reflect the significant increase in violent crimes since 1991.​

Question 17

Critics of self-report studies frequently suggest that expecting people to candidly admit illegal acts is unreasonable.​

Question 18

Those living in poverty engage in disproportionate amounts of expressive crimes, such as rape and assault.​

Question 19

Most people commit less crime as they mature.​

Question 20

The age structure of the population has a significant influence on crime trends.​

Question 21

A validity concern associated with the NCVS involves ______.

A) ​victims overreporting crime
B) its large sample size
C) ​interviewing household members under the age of 12
D) police officers who fail to disclose crimes in which they are involved

Question 22

Most human trafficking is considered _______, meaning that the origin and the destination of the victim are within the same region of the world.

A) ​intraregional
B) interregional
C) ​cross-sectional
D) ​intraracial

Question 23

The NCVS annually samples more than 40,000 _________ in order to estimate crime victimization.​

A) ​juveniles
B) ​households
C) ​police departments
D) ​offenders

Question 24

Wolfgang and associates' second cohort study found that 6 percent of female delinquents were chronic offenders.​

Question 25

According to the research on chronic offenders, arrests and court experiences deter chronic offenders.​

Question 26

Which of the following factors has been the most stable indicator of criminal likelihood?​

A) ​Age
B) ​Income
C) ​Race/ethnicity
D) ​Temperature

Question 27

How does today's violent crime rate compare to the violent crime rate in 1991?​

A) ​Today's violent crime rate has increased by nearly 20 percent.
B) ​Today's violent crime rate has increased by nearly 50 percent.
C) Today's violent crime rate has decreased by nearly 20 percent.​
D) ​Today's violent crime rate has decreased by nearly 50 percent.

Question 28

The reporting accuracy of self-report studies is affected by the _____ phenomenon.​

A) ​"missing cases"
B) ​"overreporting"
C) ​"small cohort"
D) ​"known group"

Question 29

What shortcoming in the UCR is addressed by the National Crime Victimization Survey?​

A) ​The "Sampling Rule"
B) ​The nonclearance issue
C) ​The "Hierarchy Rule"
D) ​The nonreporting issue

Question 30

According to the Monitoring the Future survey discussed in the text, the crime problem is _____.

A) ​the same as indicated by the UCR
B) ​the same as indicated by the NCVS
C) ​less than the UCR and NCVS indicate
D) ​greater than the UCR and NCVS indicate

Question 31

The Uniform Crime Report is a primary source of crime data collected by the ______.

A) ​National Institute of Justice
B) ​Bureau of Justice Statistics
C) ​Federal Bureau of Investigation
D) Office of Juvenile Justice

Question 32

There is evidence that the monumental decision in _____________ in 1973 had a direct impact on crime years later.

A) ​Roe v. Wade
B) ​Bell v. Burton
C) ​Kidd v. Georgia
D) ​Furman v. Georgia

Question 33

When evaluating the three primary sources of crime data, the crime patterns and trends are ______.

A) ​often quite dissimilar
B) ​often quite similar
C) ​incapable of providing an accurate picture of crime
D) ​not consistent over time

Question 34

The UCR contains data on Part I and Part II crimes. Which of the following is not a Part I crime?​

A) ​Hate crime
B) Arson​
C) ​Forcible rape
D) ​Aggravated assault

Question 35

Rehabilitation is the current sentencing approach taken to deal with chronic offenders.​

Question 36

Chronic offenders eventually age out of crime.​

Question 37

Repeat offenders usually begin their careers at a very early age.

Question 38

The UCR expresses data as raw figures, crime rates, and changes in the number and rate over time. How are crime rates expressed in the UCR?​

A) ​Rates per 1,000 total U.S. population
B) ​Rates per 10,000 total U.S. population
C) ​Rates per 100,000 total U.S. population
D) ​Rates per 1,000,000 total U.S. population

Question 39

Although self-report studies can be used to examine the offense history of prison inmates and drug users, most self-report studies have focused on _____ crime.​

A) ​adult
B) ​youth
C) ​hate
D) ​school

Question 40

Survey research involves _____, which is the process of selecting for study a limited number of subjects who are representative of entire groups sharing similar characteristics, called the population.​

A) ​locating
B) ​measuring
C) ​sampling
D) ​sectioning

Question 41

All of the following would be considered an instrumental crime except​

A) ​pawning stolen merchandise
B) ​rape
C) ​selling drugs
D) ​theft

Question 42

The consequence of a lack of income and other resources, which cumulatively, leads to poverty is known as _____

A) ​resource deprivation
B) ​instrumental deprivation
C) ​expressive deprivation
D) ​ecology deprivation

Question 43

Referring to the ecology of crime, which statement about crime and temperature is accurate?

A) ​Crime increases as temperature increases.
B) ​Crime decreases as temperature increases.
C) ​Crime and temperature are inversely related.
D) Crime and temperature show no relationship.​

Question 44

What biological process accounts for desistance and aging out?​

A) ​The level of hormone activity in the brain
B) ​The end of growth spurts
C) Better diets​
D) ​Energy decline

Question 45

Which neurotransmitter is shown to facilitate aggressive behavior?​

A) ​Dopamine
B) ​Melatonin
C) ​Octopamine
D) ​Serotonin

Question 46

The majority of murderers use _____________ to commit their murder.​

A) ​blunt objects
B) ​firearms
C) ​ropes
D) ​knives

Question 47

Who has become a central focus of crime control policy?

A) ​Chronic offenders
B) ​Elderly offenders
C) ​Mass murderers
D) ​Serial killers

Question 48

UCR data associate social class with crime, indicating higher crime rates in inner-city, high-poverty areas. An alternative explanation for the association between social class and crime is ____, not actual criminal behavior patterns.​

A) ​social stereotyping
B) ​population diversity
C) ​law enforcement practices
D) ​unemployment and underemployment

Question 49

Which region of the United States has the highest crime rates?​

A) ​Northeast
B) ​Midwest
C) ​South
D) ​West

Question 50

The view of crime suggesting that the social and economic roles of women in society control their crime rates is termed ______.

A) ​liberation theory
B) ​the femininity hypothesis
C) ​the masculinity hypothesis
D) ​liberal feminist theory

Question 51

Discovery of the chronic offender has forced criminologists to consider _____ in their explanations of crime.​

A) ​marriage and employment
B) ​supervision and control
C) ​persistence and desistence
D) ​age and gender

Question 52

The_____ suggests that as the African American population increases, so does the amount of social control directed at them. This type of racism could account for the higher rates of minority crime in UCR data.​

A) ​urban crime theory​
B) racial threat hypothesis
C) racial control hypothesis
D) ​urban threat correlation

Question 53

Crime peaks in adolescence and then declines rapidly thereafter. What is the peak age for property crime?​

A) ​14
B) ​16
C) ​18
D) ​20

Question 54

Wolfgang et al.'s second cohort study tracked males and females. What percentage of chronic offenders consisted of females?​

A) ​1 percent
B) ​3 percent
C) 6 percent
D) ​9 percent

Question 55

People living in poverty are believed to engage in disproportionate amounts of _____ crimes, such as rape and assault, as a result of their rage, anger, and frustration against society.​

A) ​deliberate
B) ​expressive
C) ​instrumental
D) ​defensive

Question 56

What neurotransmitter is known to limit offensive behavior?​

A) ​Dopamine
B) ​Histamine
C) ​Octopamine
D) Serotonin​

Question 57

Franklin Zimring and Gordon Hawkins believe the _____ is the single most significant factor separating the crime problem in the United States from that of the rest of the developed world.​

A) ​degree of economic opportunity
B) ​proliferation of handguns
C) ​abortion rate
D) ​immigrant population

Question 58

In Wolfgang et al.'s study of male juvenile delinquents, what percentage consisted of chronic offenders?

A) ​6 percent
B) ​10 percent
C) ​16 percent
D) ​20 percent

Question 59

Referring to the ecology of crime, which of the following settings has the highest violent crime rate?​

A) ​An urban area in the northeast
B) ​A rural area in northeast
C) ​An urban area in the south
D) ​A rural area in the south

Question 60

Expressive crimes are committed to ______.

A) ​attain power
B) ​make money
C) obtain desired goods
D) ​vent rage

Question 61

One of Martha's children is a 15-year-old boy. He is starting high school in the fall. She is concerned that he will start to hang out with the wrong crowd and possibly begin to commit crime. According to the research, the peak age for property crime is believed to be ____, and thus Martha should be mindful of her son's activities.​

A) ​13
B) ​14
C) ​15
D) ​16

Question 62

The question is asked of the police chief present of "Why do some women commit more crime than men?" The theory best at explaining why some women have biological and psychological traits similar to those of men and thus may be more likely to commit crime is referred to as the _____ hypothesis.​

A) ​antifeminine
B) femme-fatale​
C) ​liberal feminist
D) ​masculinity

Question 63

Martha has decided to move to San Francisco, California. She decides to attend a neighborhood watch meeting where members of the local police department are speaking. They are explaining the crime trends over the past 30 years. Which of the following is accurate information concerning the crime rates?

A) ​Crime rates peaked in the 1970s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
B) ​Crime rates peaked in the 1980s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
C) ​Crime rates peaked in the 1990s and have been in sharp decline ever since.
D) ​Crime rates peaked in the 2000s and have been in sharp decline ever since.

Question 64

The ___________ is a program that collects data on each reported crime incident as an attempt to redesign the UCR statistics.​

Question 65

The National Crime Victimization Survey is conducted by the Justice Department and the _______.​

Question 66

A relatively new criminological technique called __________________, uses multiple advanced computational methods, including artificial intelligence, to analyze large data sets that usually involve one or more sources.

Question 67

Selecting a limited number of people for study as _____ of a larger group is referred to as sampling.​

Question 68

According to the research on chronic offenders, punishment was ___________ related to chronic offending.​

A) ​conditionally
B) ​contrapositively
C) ​conversely
D) ​inversely

Question 69

The police chief explains that there are problems with the UCR crime data. What is the biggest potential problem with the validity of UCR crime data?​

A) ​Only violent crimes are counted in the UCR data.
B) ​Only property crimes are counted in the UCR data.
C) ​Many serious crimes are not reported to police and therefore are not counted in the UCR.
D) ​The UCR only counts crimes reported by people 18 years of age or older.

Question 70

The unlawful entry of a structure to commit the felony or a theft is known as ______.

Question 71

Martha calls many police departments around the country, seeking information about their crime statistics. One particular police department recommends that she look at the published reports developed by the FBI, which compared cities and crime statistics per 100,000 residences. What report should she look at?​

A) ​ATF
B) ​UCR
C) ​NCVS
D) ​DRS-II

Question 72

Which of the following is not mentioned as a predictive factor for chronicity?​

A) ​Beginning lawbreaking at an early age
B) Single-parent households​
C) ​Low intellectual development
D) ​Parental drug involvement

Question 73

The police chief recommends to the audience that they should look at other sources to evaluate statistics on crime. He suggests that the participants review the _______________, which is a comprehensive, nationwide survey of victimization in the United States conducted annually by the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Justice Statistics.​

A) ​MTF
B) ​NCVS
C) ​NIBRS
D) ​UCR

Question 74

The collection of _________________ data involves observing over time a group of people who share certain characteristics.

Question 75

The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another is known as __________.​

Question 76

At this week's seminar, one of the participants asked the chief of police to comment on crime rates. Which statement below would the chief be able to state with certitude?

A) ​"Speculating about future crime trends is risky because change can occur rapidly."
B) ​"Crime rates will continue to decrease because they have been decreasing for the past 20 years and crime trends move in 40-year cycles."
C) ​"Crime rates will most likely increase because the baby boomer population is increasing."
D) ​"All U.S. cities will experience a decrease in crime rates next year because international crime rates continue to decline."

Question 77

A group of individuals with common features and particular characteristics is referred to as a(n) ____________.​

Question 78

The community is concerned that the police department is not deploying its manpower effectively. According to the research, during what months should police staffing be maximized?​

A) ​January and February
B) ​March and April
C) ​July and August
D) ​November and December

Question 79

Martha is particularly concerned with drug offenses and vandalism in the community that she will move to. These types of offenses are ____ crimes, according to the official crime records.​

A) ​Part I
B) ​Part II
C) ​Violent
D) ​Juvenile

Question 80

Martha has narrowed her choices to New York, NY in the Northeast, San Francisco, CA in the West, Miami, FL in the South, and Ann Arbor, MI in the Midwest. Based on the research on the ecology of crime, which of these cities would most likely have the highest crime rate?

A) ​New York
B) ​San Francisco
C) ​Miami
D) ​Ann Arbor