Deck 11: Additional Groups of Victims With Special Problems

Question 1

After the American Revolution, the powers and responsibilities formerly exercised by crime victims were taken over by public prosecutors.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

After the American Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, crimes were reconceptualized as hostile acts directed against the authority of the government.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Robbery is classified as a street crime.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

One outcome of the law-and-order movement was the concern that offenders were being mistreated by police.

Question 5

An analysis of government surveys during the 1990s found that the largest percentage of crimes with onlookers watching involved robberies.

Question 6

Individuals who cope with criminal attacks in positive ways can serve as role models for other crime victims.

Question 7

Researchers find that the concept of "survivor" must be operationalized to be inclusive rather than restrictive.

Question 8

The public's right to know via the media does not conflict with the victim's right to privacy.

Question 9

"Moral entrepreneurs" is a term the author uses to describe activists who start the rediscovery process.

Question 10

When crime victims resist, it nearly always backfires on them.

Question 11

During Stage 3 of the discovery process, backlash may arise if the demands of victims are perceived as excessive.

Question 12

The U.S.definition of sex trafficking has broadened over time to include all coerced adult prostitution and all involvement of children in sexual activities, including pornography.

Question 13

Some individuals are naturally resilient and some are not; the latter cannot learn to be resilient.

Question 14

Research findings indicate that if there are fewer onlookers at a crime scene, one or more of them will more likely intervene than if there are many onlookers.

Question 15

The civil liberties movement contributed to furthering police professionalism.

Question 16

Survivorology is a new field of study that is related to but separate from the field of victimology.

Question 17

In the rediscovery process, analyzing recent data can aid in evaluating the effectiveness of measures taken to help survivors of crime but not in protecting others from the same fate.

Question 18

In a majority of U.S.states , all passersby are legally obligated to intercede if they see a crime in progress.

Question 19

Many people today who have been harmed by criminals prefer the term survivor rather than victim because it implies empowerment rather than powerlessness.

Question 20

The rediscovery process is in its final stage when activists make headway toward their goals.

Question 21

After the American Revolution, how was addressing the suffering of individuals in criminal matters viewed?

A) It was deemed to be an ideal that was the foundation for the country's entire system of justice.
B) It was deemed to be less important than the symbolic threat to the social order posed by lawbreakers.
C) It was deemed to be a responsibility that was required of every judge who tried every criminal case.
D) It was deemed to be an issue that should be addressed under the provisions of civil law rather than criminal law.

Question 22

Which of the following relates to the concept of "exemplary behavior under duress"?

A) It is actually a scientific term.
B) It is clearly a value judgment.
C) It is neither one of these things.
D) It is really both of these things.

Question 23

The criminal justice system often marginalized victims by which of the following omissions?

A) Not permitting them as witnesses at trial
B) Not considering their experiences in sentencing
C) Not informing the victims of the outcomes of cases
D) Not letting the victims' families be witnesses at trial

Question 24

To spur the development of survivorology as an area of concentration within victimology, the two key concepts of resiliency and recovery need to be operationalized.Which of the following does this mean?

A) Designating each one of them as either existing or absent
B) Estimating each one of them numerically to be quantified
C) Describing each one of them using the most precise detail
D) Defining each one of them according to how they operate

Question 25

When the 13 American colonies were settled, on which of the following (in addition to religious beliefs) were the earliest penal codes based?

A) Tort law and civil court
B) Ben Franklin's memoirs
C) English common law
D) Native American law

Question 26

For much of America's penal history, which of the following has been overshadowed by the other primary goals?

A) Deterring crime through punishment
B) Rehabilitating transgressors through treatment
C) Protecting society by incapacitating dangerous persons via imprisonment or execution
D) Ensuring the restoration of crime victims' financial, emotional, and physical health

Question 27

What is one negative effect of the attention victims receive from business?

A) Businesses may overprotect consumers who have been victims.
B) Businesses tap an underserved consumer population in victims.
C) Businesses may commercially exploit the victims as customers.
D) Businesses create publicity that can worsen victims' problems.

Question 28

How do some survivorology researchers view the concept of resilience?

A) As an innate character trait that cannot be learned
B) As a set of behaviors only practiced after a crisis
C) As an emotional muscle that can be strengthened
D) As a set of behaviors only practiced before crises

Question 29

Research into the "bystander effect" phenomenon has found which of the following?

A) The more bystanders present, the less likely anyone will intercede.
B) The more bystanders present, the sooner any of them will intervene.
C) Bystanders are less likely to get involved when directly asked for help.
D) Bystanders are more likely to get involved when there are more of them.

Question 30

Who normally begins the rediscovery process by bringing attention to a problem?

A) Activists
B) Police agencies
C) Courts and judges
D) Visitors from other countries

Question 31

Researchers found which of the following from surveying victims of crimes wherein third parties were present?

A) They found the presence of a third party who was not intervening more often harmful.
B) They found the presence of a third party who was not intervening more often helpful.
C) They found the presence of a third party who actively intervened more often harmful.
D) They found the presence of a third party who actively intervened more often helpful.

Question 32

Which of the following laws mandates convicted sex offenders to register with their local police departments?

A) Leanne's Law
B) Megan's Law
C) Kathy's Law
D) Jenna's Law

Question 33

Regarding courageous responses by victims to attackers, which of the following is the most accurate?

A) By studying cases, victimologists can find the safest and most effective victim responses to attacks.
B) By studying cases, victimologists have already determined how often these responses do occur.
C) By studying cases, victimologists have identified public and media definitions of this behavior.
D) By studying cases, victimologists can warn people never to adopt such a risky course of action.

Question 34

Which statement is most accurate about laws relative to onlookers who may intervene if they witness crimes in progress?

A) Criminal laws compel individuals to help one another.
B) Good Samaritan laws keep people from harming one another.
C) Criminal laws protect those who intervene from lawsuit liability.
D) Good Samaritan laws protect people from out-of-pocket expenses.

Question 35

Within victimology, what is the best distinction between the terms victim and survivor?

A) These are simply synonymous terms identifying the same concept.
B) Victim has more negative and survivor more positive connotations.
C) Victims always lose their lives to crime, but survivors remain alive.
D) The field has decided to use survivor to replace victim completely.

Question 36

Which of the following were the first community organizations to empower victims?

A) Benevolent associations established by the police
B) Rape crisis centers and shelters for battered women
C) Information clearinghouses developed by advocates
D) Courtroom workgroups formed by defense attorneys

Question 37

Sensationalism refers to which of the following?

A) Politicians base their decisions on pressure from constituents.
B) Criminal justice professionals work harder on heinous crimes.
C) The media exploit victims so that they can earn better ratings.
D) Nonprofit agencies try to protect victims from the offenders.

Question 38

Which of the following is the most common argument made by opponents in Stage 3 of the rediscovery process?

A) We have not gone far enough to protect victims.
B) We have gone too far in the protection of victims.
C) Harsher punishments are necessary to deter crime.
D) The rights of victims supersede defendants' rights.

Question 39

Victims lost their last opportunity to participate actively in the process of presenting their experiences to a jury because of which of the following?

A) Public prosecutors not calling victims as witnesses in trials
B) Attorneys resolving most cases through plea negotiations
C) Judges not considering victims' experiences as evidence
D) The typical resistance of victims against court appearances

Question 40

Which stage in the sequential model of rediscovering victims involves the process of the typification of victim categories and identification of classic cases?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 41

According to the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which of the following is a possible sign that someone is a victim of human trafficking?

A) The person is very familiar with the neighborhood.
B) The person lives far away from the work premises.
C) The person often moves among various work sites.
D) The person appears to travel alone very frequently.

Question 42

Starting in the 1980s, elected officials sometimes engaged in the political process of enacting new laws named after specific individuals.How/why did this practice arise? What was significant about the individuals for whom legislation was named? Provide examples.

Question 43

In criminal justice settings, false memory syndrome is most often associated with which of the following?

A) Incest survivors
B) Robbery victims
C) Criminals themselves
D) Victims of the drug trade

Question 44

Stage 3 of the victim rediscovery process is marked by which of the following?

A) Emergence of victim support by self-help groups
B) Emergence of new laws and assistance programs
C) Emergence of opposition to the victims' demands
D) Emergence of compromise among those involved

Question 45

Recent findings from research by the Polaris Project into human trafficking revealed which of the following about the cases reported to a national hotline in 2016?

A) About 75% involved sex trafficking, 25% labor trafficking.
B) About 75% involved labor trafficking, 25% sex trafficking.
C) About 50% were sex trafficking, and 50% labor trafficking.
D) No data were available for sex or labor trafficking in 2016.

Question 46

Outline and discuss the role of the news media concerning the victim's plight.Provide both negative and positive aspects.

Question 47

Discuss some findings of research into the "bystander effect," including how the presence of bystanders can affect criminal behavior differentially; how bystander intervention is perceived by victims; how bystander interventions can differentially affect victims; and how bystander intervention interacts with the relative number of bystanders.

Question 48

Discuss the rediscovery of crime victims during the 1950s and early 1960s.Be sure to include a discussion on the impact of the various social movements of the time period.

Question 49

Victimologists can make their most valuable contributions during which of the following stages of the rediscovery process?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 50

Discuss how the importance of victims and their role in the criminal justice system has changed over time.