Deck 9: The Industrial Revolution and European Politics, 1765–1880

Question 1

The largest supplier of raw cotton in the early nineteenth century was

A)the United States.
B)India.
C)China.
D)Africa.
E)Mexico.

Answer 1

the United States.

Question 2

The "putting-out" system included all of these features EXCEPT

A)a decentralized system of production.
B)a gendered division of labor.
C)men doing the work of weaving.
D)a centralized system of production.
E)women doing the work of spinning.

Answer 2

a centralized system of production.

Question 3

What was the foundation of the Industrial Revolution?

A)The downfall of old European monarchies
B)Innovations in technology and labor systems
C)Increased currency
D)New theories of mercantilism and capitalism
E)Capital investment by big business

Answer 3

The downfall of old European monarchies

Question 4

Which of these factors led to the development of low-cost,high-quality iron?

A)The desire to produce smaller, purer batches with less expense
B)The high price of wood
C)The ability to remove impurities from coal and produce a concentrated coke product
D)The need to stretch available coal supplies
E)The high cost of energy used in smelting iron

Question 5

What made Britain the dominant global power in this era?

A)Its military might
B)Its control of India
C)Its strong ties to North America
D)Its early forays in industrialization and its global commerce
E)Its extensive network of colonies

Question 6

Why were the ideals of the 1848 uprising perplexing to the political elites of the time?

A)The destruction of the ideals of the French Revolution was feared.
B)The policies of reform might endanger stability and continuity.
C)The ideals of 1848 made war imminent between nations.
D)The rise of Prussia as an economic power was at stake.
E)The foundation of mercantilism would be destroyed.

Question 7

All of these innovations helped promote globalization in the nineteenth century EXCEPT

A)railroads.
B)telegraph.
C)steamships.
D)international banking.
E)exchange of commodities and raw materials.

Question 8

The potential for the new,highly productive industrial system was highlighted in the

A)textile industry.
B)food processing area.
C)making of machines and tools.
D)shipping section.
E)mining industry.

Question 9

Although Parliament,in an attempt to protect the wool industry,placed a high tariff on Indian cotton goods,British entrepreneurs found a way around this by

A)shipping Indian cotton to other ports and then shipping it to England.
B)importing raw cotton.
C)developing factories in India.
D)buying cotton goods from China.
E)buying raw cotton from Mexico.

Question 10

Where did Britain find its largest source of the cheap labor needed for its factory system?

A)India
B)Poor children
C)Its American colonies
D)Prisoners
E)Landless English peasants

Question 11

All of these areas competed with England to establish steam-powered factories EXCEPT

A)United States.
B)Belgium.
C)the Netherlands.
D)France.
E)Germany.

Question 12

According to Table 23.1,the manufacturing production of the world had taken a clear shift toward

A)the British colonies.
B)the Far East.
C)the West.
D)British controlled India.
E)the newly unified nations of Italy and Germany.

Question 13

How did Bakunin describe the uprising in the streets of Paris?

A)He saw the French military as splendid in its handling of the mobs of peoples.
B)He saw the masses of uneducated workers as noble.
C)He found the adulteration of the king disturbing.
D)He described the violence against workers as a call for revolution.
E)He saw the spirit of enlightenment being crushed by government troops.

Question 14

Which country took the lead in the Industrial Revolution?

A)The United States
B)England
C)Prussia
D)The Netherlands
E)France

Question 15

The Industrial Revolution began in England in the

A)late seventeenth century.
B)early nineteenth century.
C)late eighteenth century.
D)early eighteenth century.
E)early seventeenth century.

Question 16

The Industrial Revolution was characterized by major changes in all the following EXCEPT

A)transportation.
B)communications.
C)political ideologies.
D)social conditions.
E)egalitarianism.

Question 17

James Watt is given credit for his work on

A)canals.
B)architectural plans for efficient factories.
C)the steam engine that turned coal into cheap steam power.
D)the internal combustion engine.
E)instruments used for scientific research in energy use.

Question 18

Josiah Wedgwood was the first to introduce ____ in his factory.

A)female workers
B)steam engines
C)electric lighting
D)child labor
E)minimum wages

Question 19

By the 1830s,the British textile industry had been

A)mechanized.
B)fully involved in the putting-out system.
C)centralized.
D)developed in India so that investors would not have to pay taxes on profits.
E)mechanized and consolidated in factories

Question 20

Political elites in the old land-based empires of Russia and the Ottomans were torn between reform and

A)war.
B)revolution.
C)expansionist needs.
D)alliances with major Western powers.
E)continuity.

Question 21

Although considered a time of liberalism,many liberals still believed in

A)maintaining an aristocracy.
B)allowing only business owners to participate in political life.
C)having kings who ruled by divine right.
D)making education a requirement for political participation.
E)limiting political participation to the middle class.

Question 22

For whom was the Industrial Revolution's appetite for cotton a cure,rather than a blessing?

A)Textile workers in English mills
B)Peasants in India raising cotton for the global market
C)English families being paid starvation wages for working in the putting-out system
D)Slaves in North America and workers in India
E)Labor workers in Indian textile mills

Question 23

Which of these statements about the British urban poor in 1815 is FALSE?

A)Unemployment was high among returning soldiers.
B)Child labor laws limited the employment of some children.
C)Bread prices were high because of grain tariffs.
D)Wages were low.
E)Slums were common.

Question 24

How did the English Reform Bill of 1832 create a Parliament that better reflected the era of its time?

A)Seats in Parliament were redistributed to take demographic changes into account.
B)Restrictions were placed on child labor.
C)Labor conditions in the mills were guided by new regulations.
D)Standards were set in urban housing.
E)All British citizens, regardless of property, were given suffrage.

Question 25

In 1815,what did people in Britain associate with change?

A)Excesses of the French Revolution
B)Romantics
C)Liberals
D)Socialists
E)Nationalists

Question 26

Revolutions spread to major European cities in

A)1898.
B)1848.
C)1800.
D)1812.
E)1900.

Question 27

Which disease,introduced from India,had devastating effects on the industrial urban poor?

A)Malaria
B)Plague
C)Cholera
D)Syphilis
E)Tuberculosis

Question 28

The Industrial Revolution brought negative or mixed reactions from all the following EXCEPT

A)Luddites.
B)kings.
C)church leaders.
D)aristocrats.
E)entrepreneurs.

Question 29

By 1870,steamships

A)were becoming more costly than railroads.
B)fully replaced sailing ships.
C)were becoming less important than other modes of transportation.
D)were used primarily in the Americas.
E)enhanced the military advantages of Western nations.

Question 30

What made railroad construction more feasible in the nineteenth century?

A)Public demand for land transportation options
B)Declining iron prices
C)Escalating costs for water transportation
D)Heft costs associated with canals
E)Innovations in railroad building techniques

Question 31

The move from water transport to railroads was the result of

A)more powerful steam engines.
B)geography that was conducive to laying down track.
C)insufficient canals and riverways.
D)increased population in urban centers.
E)cheaper iron.

Question 32

The completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut transportation time between ____ and ____ from months to weeks.

A)Europe; Egypt
B)America; Europe
C)Europe; South Asia
D)America; South Asia
E)Europe; East Asia

Question 33

How did Muhammad Ali,the Ottoman military leader of Egypt,finance the modernization of Egypt?

A)He seized the Suez Canal.
B)He taxed all foreign goods that sailed in and out of the Red Sea.
C)He encouraged the production of cotton.
D)He made a military alliance with Great Britain.
E)He increased taxes on the peasant class.

Question 34

A call for reform in reaction to the Industrial Revolution developed by the time of

A)Henry VIII.
B)William and Mary.
C)Queen Elizabeth I.
D)Cornwallis.
E)Queen Victoria.

Question 35

How did British industrial development in textiles affect India?

A)India regained political power from the British.
B)India experienced an increased demand for its cotton textiles.
C)India implemented tariffs to limit competition from cheaper British textiles.
D)India experienced deindustrialization.
E)India saw an increase in employment.

Question 36

What was the strongest and most powerful ideology swirling through industrial Europe?

A)Sanctity of private property
B)Collective bargaining
C)Individual freedom
D)Nationalism
E)Romanticism

Question 37

The English reform movement achieved all the following EXCEPT

A)prison reform.
B)crimes that were punished by the death penalty declined.
C)restrictions on Catholic activities were lifted.
D)child labor laws.
E)minimum wage laws.

Question 38

In England,by the 1830s,____ had the right to vote.

A)all citizens
B)middle and upper classes
C)all men
D)upper class men
E)upper class men and women

Question 39

The reaction of the middle and upper classes to the plight of the poor was to

A)demand labor protection laws from the government.
B)serve as volunteers to aid the sick and destitute.
C)blame them for their own fate.
D)demand child labor laws.
E)encourage the workers to rebel against factory owners.

Question 40

Why did Bakunin feel that of all the philosophical theories of his time,liberalism was on the "right track"?

A)Liberalism emphasized the overthrow of states.
B)Liberalism placed emotional intensity over authenticity.
C)Liberalism placed the position of the state above the individual.
D)Liberals stressed individual freedom.
E)Liberalism stressed the stability of a constitutional monarchy.

Question 41

Marx translated Hegel's dialectic into real life by emphasizing all the following EXCEPT

A)the struggle between the classes eventually produces a democracy.
B)the efficiency of capitalism causes overproduction.
C)overproduction results in falling wages and factory closures.
D)economic revivals lead to recurring depressions.
E)the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes will emerge as capitalism and labor, hostile to each other.

Question 42

Darwin's theory of evolution

A)countered Newton's earlier theories.
B)removed mankind from the central place in the natural world.
C)was based on research done in the Caribbean.
D)were initially rejected by other natural scientists.
E)were denounced by Karl Marx.

Question 43

The dominant power in central Europe at this time was

A)Prussia.
B)Poland.
C)Hungary.
D)Austria.
E)Bosnia.

Question 44

Problems of stability facing the Austrian empire involved the

A)creation of a confederation-type of government.
B)location of the capital in Vienna.
C)resignation of Prince Metternich.
D)empire being a multiethnic state.
E)radicalism of students involved in the uprisings.

Question 45

Why did Friedrich Wilhelm refuse the offer of the Frankfurt Assembly?

A)Friedrich Wilhelm thought that the proposed constitution would invite conflict.
B)Friedrich Wilhelm refused to work with chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
C)Prussia began to develop a new German state with Prussia as the power.
D)Friedrich Wilhelm had already used the military to crush popular rebellions.
E)Friedrich Wilhelm rejected the notion of popular sovereignty that the Assembly embraced.

Question 46

In 1815,the Congress of Vienna

A)placed France under its control.
B)voided the French constitution.
C)restored the Bourbon dynasty.
D)imposed severe restrictions on French economic growth.
E)returned France to the old status quo of pre-revolution.

Question 47

What actions taken by Otto von Bismarck inspired great German pride?

A)His nationalization of the railroads
B)His appointment to the Frankfurt Assembly
C)His ability to crush anti-German demonstrators
D)His victories over Denmark, Austria and France
E)His contributions to Germany's economic growth

Question 48

John Stuart Mill was a strong proponent of

A)the move to dispose of the monarchy.
B)a classless society.
C)those who wished to nationalize industries.
D)the move toward collectivization.
E)freedom from political oppression and social conformity.

Question 49

Working-class leaders gained stronger lobbying power after 1867 because of

A)the decline of child labor.
B)the competition from foreign products on the global market.
C)fewer restrictions on bargaining power and trade union organizations.
D)increased labor actions against factory owners.
E)the decrease in the labor population pool.

Question 50

The success and popularity of Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)was based on his

A)commitment to socialist principles.
B)willingness to implement Louis Blanc's reform program.
C)generosity with impoverished Parisians.
D)role in toppling Prussia.
E)ability to expand the French overseas empire.

Question 51

In the midst of the turmoil in the Austrian empire,it lost a war to

A)Prussia.
B)France.
C)Italy.
D)Russia.
E)Franco-Prussian troops.

Question 52

The lowering of tariffs on foreign grain indicated the

A)power of the growing urban factory workers.
B)decline in the power of the agricultural sector.
C)growing power of urban interests.
D)importance of American grain on the world market.
E)growing population and inability of domestic wheat production to fulfill domestic needs.

Question 53

Louis Blanc argued that

A)private ownership of industry was inefficient and unjust.
B)the middle class should have their property taken from them.
C)cooperative workshops would favor owners over laborers.
D)workers should be trained in a skill.
E)government should run the factories.

Question 54

To resolve the crisis of control,Emperor Franz Joseph II

A)seized the governments of Prague and Italy.
B)abdicated the throne.
C)sought the assistance of Russia.
D)declared war against Prussia.
E)proclaimed a Dual Monarchy.

Question 55

After the Bourbon monarchy was overthrown in 1830,Louis Philippe was invited to ascend to the French throne because he

A)was a member of the bourgeoisie.
B)favored a return to the republic.
C)appealed to the liberals in France.
D)favored a return to the protocol of the old royal system.
E)was interested in business and economic policies.

Question 56

What made the Crystal Palace noteworthy?

A)It was made of unbreakable glass.
B)It highlighted the achievements of women.
C)It became the urban home of the queen.
D)It became a monument to industrial progress and technology.
E)It took months to design.

Question 57

What was the big question facing those who sought to create an independent German nation?

A)Whether to incorporate regions in France into the new Germany
B)Whether to make industrialization the new government's responsibility or privatize it
C)Whether liberals or monarchical conservatives should drive the process
D)Whether to dethrone the Prussian queen
E)Whether to make Munich or Berlin the new capital

Question 58

What undermined early efforts for Italian nationalism?

A)A commitment to socialism by nationalist leaders
B)Strong regional differences
C)Fear of outsiders
D)Religious divisions
E)Repeated invasions by rival countries

Question 59

All of these regions were part of the Austrian empire EXCEPT

A)Hungary.
B)Northern Italy.
C)Poland.
D)Croatian areas.
E)Czech provinces.

Question 60

Italy was unified in 1870 under a(n)____ system of government.

A)theocratic
B)autocratic monarchy
C)Garibaldi dictatorship
D)constitutional monarchy
E)papal-controlled

Question 61

Please define the following key terms
Luddites

Question 62

Please define the following key terms
division of labor

Question 63

Please define the following key terms
steam engine

Question 64

Darwinism,when translated into Social Darwinism,

A)brought out the exploitive nature of wealth versus poverty.
B)destroyed the theory of superiority versus inferiority.
C)highlighted the exploited lower classes.
D)argued that wealth was the just reward for exceptional talent.
E)criticized European imperialism.

Question 65

Please define the following key terms
liberalism

Question 66

Please define the following key terms
Mikhail Bakunin (1814?1876)

Question 67

Please define the following key terms
cotton gin

Question 68

Please define the following key terms
James Watt

Question 69

Please define the following key terms
Muhammad Ali

Question 70

Please define the following key terms
mass production

Question 71

Please define the following key terms
railroad development

Question 72

Please define the following key terms
socialism

Question 73

Please define the following key terms
coke

Question 74

Opposition to the Tanzimat reforms was initiated by all of these people EXCEPT for

A)religious authorities who lost power in the educational sector.
B)Muslim leaders who feared the introduction of Western ideas.
C)urban elites who traveled and read Western materials.
D)progressives who called for a constitutional monarchy.
E)Sultan Abd al-Hamid III.

Question 75

Please define the following key terms
Industrial Revolution

Question 76

Please define the following key terms
"putting-out" system

Question 77

The Russian government's support for industrialization included

A)a boom in railroad construction.
B)development of worker-owned factories.
C)increase in textile factories.
D)tariff reductions to inspire trade.
E)social and welfare labor legislation.

Question 78

Please define the following key terms
energy revolution

Question 79

What was true about Russia in 1815?

A)It had the fastest growing urban population in Europe.
B)Its middle class was rapidly expanding.
C)Its factories were safer than those in Europe.
D)It had a powerful aristocracy but a weak middle class.
E)It had abolished serfdom.

Question 80

The Tanzimat Reforms

A)established more rigid social codes.
B)decentralized the government.
C)introduced a commercial code modeled on the West.
D)closed religious schools.
E)implemented a general assembly.