Deck 6: Psychology of Victims of Crime and Violence

Question 1

The rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraq War veterans has been estimated to be between ________.

A)2% and 4%
B)12% and 20%
C)22% and 30%
D)32% and 40%

Answer 1

12% and 20%

Question 2

Which of the following has occurred and reflects an increase in the attention paid to victims?

A)Victims now have the opportunity to provide victim impact statements.
B)New organizations have emerged that focus on victims (e.g., National Organization for Victim Assistance).
C)There is increasing availability of services for crime victims.
D)A, B, or C

Answer 2

A, B, or C

Question 3

According to the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, adverse childhood experiences (such as any kind of abuse, having a mentally ill caretaker, having a drug abuser in home, etc.) increase the risk for

A)teen pregnancy.
B)revictimization.
C)relationship instability.
D)all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

Sexual predators sometimes prowl online chat rooms to find victims.This technique is now referred to as

A)cyberstalking.
B)computer prowling.
C)chat room raiding.
D)victim searching.

Question 5

Widom (1989) found that abused or neglected children were

A)significantly more likely than a comparison group to experience malnutrition.
B)significantly more likely than a comparison group to have been arrested for violent crimes later in life.
C)much more likely to die earlier than those in a comparison group.
D)much less likely to be bullies than those in a comparison group.

Question 6

According to information presented in Chapter 6, which of the following is rated more negatively by medical personnel?

A)those with cancer
B)those with diabetes
C)those with heart disease
D)those with AIDS

Question 7

Resnick and her colleagues (1993) found, in a sample of females, that _______ of the sample had posttraumatic stress disorder at some time in their lives.

A)2%
B)12%
C)25%
D)32%

Question 8

Frank is a gay male who has been threatened repeatedly and harassed at his high school.Unfortunately, this type of offense is not uncommon, as LGBT students are ___________________________ to report feeling unsafe at school.

A)3 times more likely
B)1.5 times more likely
C)5 times more likely
D)2 times more likely

Question 9

Subtypes of bullying include

A)cyberbullying.
B)social exclusion.
C)spreading rumors.
D)all of the above.

Question 10

According to one study, ____________ percent of sampled students reported being harassed in the prior year because of their appearance, race, sexual orientation, disability or religion.

A)45%
B)60%
C)65%
D)90%

Question 11

Research suggests that veterans experience significantly higher rates of PTSD than the general population.For example, a study conducted from 1986-1988
Found that _________ of male veterans and ____________ of female veterans reported
Experiencing PTSD in their lifetime.

A)26.9%; 30.9%
B)30.9%; 26.9%
C)15.2%; 8.2%
D)8.2%; 15.2%

Question 12

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics' National Crime Victimization Survey in 2008, approximately _____________ criminal victimizations occurred.

A)12 million
B)21 million
C)31 million
D)52 million

Question 13

According to one study, the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the adult population in the United States is estimated to be _____.

A)9.7%
B)6.8%
C)3.6%
D)none of the above

Question 14

Paige was walking home from work about a year ago when she was assaulted.She suffered severe injuries and had to undergo about three months of rehabilitation therapy for her physical injuries.Since the assault, she has been having nightmares and flashbacks where she reexperiences the incident.She is also easily startled and very anxious.She went to see her doctor and was diagnosed as having

A)dissociative identity disorder.
B)a personality disorder.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)acute stress disorder.

Question 15

If the cause of someone's misfortune can be blamed on _____________ attributions, then there is less pressure to help them.

A)dispositional
B)external
C)suppositional
D)integral

Question 16

Charles has recently come back from the war.While there he was severely injured when a bomb blew up the truck he was in (everyone else in the truck was killed).Since coming home two months ago, he has been having nightmares and flashbacks where he reexperiences the bombing.He is also easily startled and very anxious.He went to see his doctor and was diagnosed as having

A)dissociative identity disorder.
B)a personality disorder.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)acute stress disorder.

Question 17

Blaming the victim is an example of

A)suppositional attribution.
B)external assignment.
C)dispositional attribution.
D)none of the above

Question 18

If someone has trauma-related symptoms (e.g., flashbacks) that last longer than one month, that person would be diagnosed as experiencing

A)posttraumatic stress disorder.
B)borderline personality disorder.
C)chronic stress disorder.
D)acute stress disorder.

Question 19

According to Chapter 6, as many as _____________ of rape victims never report their attack to the police.

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)two-thirds

Question 20

If someone has trauma-related symptoms (e.g., flashbacks) that last less than one month, that person would be diagnosed as experiencing

A)posttraumatic stress disorder.
B)borderline personality disorder.
C)chronic stress disorder.
D)acute stress disorder.

Question 21

In the National Women's Study, researchers obtained data on the frequency of rape by interviewing people over the telephone.Approximately what percentage of women said that they had been a victim of rape or attempted rape?

A)2%
B)8%
C)17%
D)26%

Question 22

The FBI estimates there were __________________ reported cases of rape in the United States in 2010.

A)almost 85,000
B)approximately 50,000
C)115,000
D)almost 33,000

Question 23

Waltz et al.'s (2000) research revealed three distinct types of batterers.What are these three types?

A)Type I, Type II, Type III
B)generally violent, psychopathological, and family-only
C)internally focused, externally focused/family, externally focused/society
D)psychological, physical, and psychological/physical

Question 24

Lenore Walker found that the cycle of violence was not experienced by ___________ of the women she studied.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourths

Question 25

Which of the following are misconceptions held about battered women?

A)Violence among intimate partners is not common.
B)Battered women provoke the inflicted assaults.
C)Battered women are free to leave these violent relationships any time they want.
D)all of the above

Question 26

Tom has just thrown his wife to the floor and repeatedly kicked her in the stomach after she fell to the ground.Suddenly he picks her up and cradles her to his body, crying and promising that he will never hurt her again (he's said that before).According to Chapter 6, what stage of the cycle of violence is Tom now in?

A)apology phase
B)penitent phase
C)regret phase
D)contrite phase

Question 27

Which of the following is a myth about rape?

A)Women cannot be raped against their will.
B)Women secretly want to get raped.
C)Most accusations of rape are faked.
D)all of the above

Question 28

Which of the following has been proposed as a component of the battered woman syndrome?

A)learned helplessness
B)low self-esteem
C)hypervigilance
D)all of the above

Question 29

Which of the following is not the name of a stage in the batterer's cycle of violence?

A)tension-building phase
B)contrite phase
C)acute battering incident
D)apology phase

Question 30

Although batterers come from all walks of life, batterers are more likely to have

A)poor problem-solving and verbal skills
B)a job and higher levels of education
C)used substances later in life
D)none of the above

Question 31

Of the following, who was not found to be more tolerant of rape?

A)those with traditional beliefs about gender roles
B)those with more adversarial sexual beliefs
C)those that had been raped themselves
D)those with greater needs for power and dominance

Question 32

A claim of self-defense historically has applied

A)when the victim reasonably believed that he or she was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm.
B)only when the assailant was armed.
C)when the victim is actually harmed in the attack.
D)all of the above

Question 33

The high risk age group(s) for rape victims is/are

A)children and adolescents.
B)young adults (i.e., college age).
C)25 to 30-year-olds.
D)middle-age women.

Question 34

One year prevalence rates for violence against women in the United States have ranged from ___________________ of total violence.

A).3% to 4%
B)10% to 15%
C)8% to 17%
D)18% to 25%

Question 35

Foa's PTSD prevention course provides

A)relaxation skills training
B)psychoeducation about responses to trauma
C)imagery-based exposure
D)all of the above

Question 36

In the cycle of violence that is involved with battering, what stage follows the acute battering incident?

A)tension-building phase
B)tension-reduction phase
C)contrite phase
D)honeymoon phase

Question 37

According to Chapter 6, what might others do to help to prevent posttraumatic stress disorder in the victim?

A)Provide social support immediately following the traumatic event.
B)Correct the victim's misconception that the world is a dangerous place from which he or she must retreat.
C)Correct the victim's misconception that he or she is helpless in dealing with life's stressors.
D)all of the above

Question 38

According to Dutton, 40% of batterers have the features of

A)schizophrenia.
B)dissociative identity disorder.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)borderline personality disorder.

Question 39

According to Ewing (1987), of 100 women who killed their batterers

A)85 women went to trial.
B)65 women were convicted of murder, manslaughter or some kind of criminal homicide.
C)48 women received a sentence of 10 years or less.
D)all of the above

Question 40

Karen has been repeatedly beaten by her husband Jack.She used to think about leaving him, but now believes that there is nothing she can do to escape.She no longer sees her friends because it has become harder to hide her bruises.On this particular night Karen made her husband dinner but she was a little late getting it on the table, and she sensed his foul mood.When Jack looked at her in that particular way, she knew he was about to hurt her.Using what you know about the battered women syndrome, you could say that Karen is

A)losing her mind.
B)provoking her husband.
C)hypervigilant.
D)A, B, and C

Question 41

According to the National Women's Study, among rape victims, approximately _________ report having been raped prior to the age of 12.

A)5%
B)20%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 42

When comparing rapes committed by persons known to the victim and by strangers to the victim, __________.

A)victims are more likely to report assaults by acquaintances
B)victims are more likely to report assaults by spouses or boyfriends
C)victims are more likely to report assaults by strangers
D)none of the above

Question 43

Depo-Provera (or MPA)

A)is an agency that gives crisis counseling to rape victims.
B)has been identified as a hormone strongly present in rapists.
C)is a drug that reportedly lowers sexual arousal.
D)is an agency that monitors the chemical castration of rapists.

Question 44

Strategies for developing effective interventions for preventing rape have included

A)training potential victims about the myths of rape.
B)teaching potential victims how to avoid certain situations.
C)developing specialized sex offender treatment programs in which perpetrators must accept responsibility.
D)all of the above

Question 45

Alice is on a date with Sherman, a man she's been seeing for two weeks.It's 10:30 p.m.; they have just finished a late dinner, and Sherman has invited her up to his apartment for coffee.Although they have been drinking all evening, Alice agrees to go upstairs.Once there, Sherman grabs a gun, holds it to Alice's head, and tells her to strip.He then proceeds to rape her.Which of the following details within this situation is unusual for a date rape?

A)the time of the crime
B)the location of the crime
C)the fact that the victim has been drinking
D)the fact that the assailant used a weapon

Question 46

A rape victim has to undergo a pelvic exam and semen samples have to be collected.These actions can lead to a reaction in the victim known as

A)secondary victimization.
B)examination anxiety.
C)rape aftermath trauma.
D)none of the above

Question 47

According to the National Women's study survey, approximately what percentage of women said they would be less likely to report a rape if they knew their names would be made public?

A)45%
B)55%
C)65%
D)75%

Question 48

As an intervention with convicted rapists, chemical castration

A)has been assessed as quite effective, without any side effects.
B)causes a reduction in the rapist's estrogen level.
C)increases the rapist's testosterone level.
D)has been criticized because its purpose is to control sexual behavior, not violent behavior.

Question 49

Approximately what percentage of rapes results in convictions or prison sentences?

A)less than 10%
B)20%-30%
C)35%-45%
D)50%-60%

Question 50

One factor that has been included in the different typologies of rapists is

A)the amount and type of aggression used by the rapist.
B)whether the rapist relied on deviant sexual fantasies.
C)whether increased aggression heightened the rapist's arousal.
D)all of the above

Question 51

Approximately what percentage of sexual assaults is carried out against victims who know their assailants?

A)25%
B)40%
C)55%
D)70%

Question 52

According to some national surveys, __________________________ of college women have suffered a sexual assault, and the majority of women _____________ their attacker.

A)between one-fifth and one-quarter; did not know
B)between one-fifth and one-quarter; knew
C)between one-quarter and one-third; did not know
D)between one-quarter and one-third; knew

Question 53

Research has found that empathy for rape victims

A)is higher among men and women who know a rape victim.
B)is higher only among men (not women) who know a rape victim.
C)is higher only among women (not men) who know a rape victim.
D)is higher for older rather than younger people.

Question 54

Acquaintance rape is more frequent under which of the following conditions?

A)when the victim and the assailant have both been drinking or using other drugs
B)on dates when each party pays their own expenses
C)when the victim and the assailant are at a fraternity party
D)all of the above

Question 55

A study by the Justice Department found that if women resisted a rape attack they were

A)just as likely to suffer a completed rape than those who did not resist.
B)half as likely to suffer a completed rape than those who did not resist.
C)two times as likely to be physically injured than those who did not resist.
D)most likely being attacked by someone they knew.

Question 56

Ellis (1989) identified three theories of rape.Which of the following is not one of these theories?

A)feminist theory
B)domination theory
C)social-learning approach
D)evolutionary theory

Question 57

Many rape victims experience long-term problems such as

A)fear.
B)anxiety.
C)depression.
D)all of the above

Question 58

According to the National Violence Against Women Survey,

A)about 15 million U.S.women have been raped.
B)about 300,000 U.S.women have been raped.
C)about 18 million U.S.women have been raped.
D)none of the above

Question 59

Acquaintance rape is more frequent under which of the following conditions?

A)when the victim and the assailant have both been drinking or using other drugs
B)on dates when the male pays for all expenses
C)when the date is in an isolated location
D)all of the above

Question 60

Chloe claims that Tad raped her, and Tad is currently on trial.He claims that the sex was consensual.The prosecution has hired a psychologist, and the judge has agreed to allow the psychologist to testify.The psychologist provides evidence of _________________________ to corroborate the complainant's version of the facts.

A)bruising
B)rape trauma syndrome
C)Chloe's problems at work
D)all of the above

Question 61

Sexual harassment which creates a hostile work environment

A)is termed quid pro quo.
B)violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
C)must be viewed as harmful and pervasive by a "reasonable woman" standard.
D)must be "severely psychologically disabling" to the victim as judged by a "reasonable person" standard.

Question 62

Which of the following characteristics have been found to be correlated with higher scores on the Likelihood to Sexually Harass Scale?

A)a less feminine personality
B)more traditional beliefs toward women's roles
C)more negative attitudes toward women
D)all of the above

Question 63

What standard did the U.S.Supreme Court use in its ruling about hostile workplaces in Harris v.Forklift Systems, Inc.?

A)a reasonable person
B)a reasonable woman
C)a reasonable man
D)a reasonable jury member

Question 64

Wiener et al.(1997) investigated how sexist attitudes affect perceptions of sexual harassment, and they found that

A)subjects high, rather than low in hostile sexism were less likely to find that the defendant's behavior constituted sexual harassment.
B)subjects low, rather than high in hostile sexism were less likely to find that the defendant's behavior constituted sexual harassment.
C)subjects high, rather than low in benevolent sexism were less likely to find that the defendant's behavior constituted sexual harassment.
D)subjects low, rather than high in benevolent sexism were less likely to find that the defendant's behavior constituted sexual harassment.

Question 65

It has been estimated that some form of physical aggression occurs in one-fourth to one-third of all couples.

Question 66

What types of harassment claims are more likely to be resolved in favor of the complainant?

A)claims in which the harassing behaviors are serious
B)claims in which the complainant had witnesses to support the charges
C)claims in which the complainant had given notice to management prior to filing formal charges
D)all of the above

Question 67

Men and women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect showed increased levels of mood disorders and antisocial personality characteristics as compared with matched controls.

Question 68

Children with abuse or trauma histories are at decreased risk for criminal offending.

Question 69

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court recognize that sexual harassment creates a hostile work environment and violates Title VII? (rule that intra-gender harassment is prohibited?)

A)Harris v.Forklift Systems, Inc.(1993)
B)Meritor Savings Bank v.Vinson (1986)
C)Commonwealth v.Wall (1992)
D)Oncale v.Sundowner Offshore Industries (1998)

Question 70

Dershowitz (1994) has claimed that an increasing number of defense lawyers are taking the approach that the defendants they represent have a "history of abuse as an excuse for violent retaliation." What has Dershowitz named this claim?

A)the victimization syndrome
B)the abuse excuse
C)the eye for an eye excuse
D)appropriate retaliation

Question 71

The majority of battered women charged with murdering their abusive partners are acquitted.

Question 72

According to one meta-analysis, ______________ of sampled women have reported experiencing harassing behavior, and ______________ experienced sexual harassment at work.

A)24%; 58%
B)58%; 24%
C)37%; 53%
D)53%; 37%

Question 73

What year was the term sexual harassment first used?

A)1923
B)1953
C)1974
D)1994

Question 74

Relationship aggression by men against women is more likely to result in serious injuries than relationship aggression by women against men.

Question 75

What was the final outcome of the Menendez brothers' case?

A)Both were found guilty but insane.
B)Both were found guilty of murder, and sentenced to life in prison.
C)Both were found guilty of murder, and sentenced to 40 years each.
D)Both were found guilty of murder, and sentenced to death by lethal injection.

Question 76

Relationship aggression by women against men is as frequent as relationship aggression by men against women.

Question 77

Terri is informed by her boss that if she doesn't sleep with him, she will be fired.This is what type of sexual harassment?

A)hostile workplace
B)quid pro quo
C)verbal display
D)verbal hostility

Question 78

Women who were injured by a trauma were less likely to develop PTSD symptoms than those who were not injured.

Question 79

In Harris v.Forklift Systems, Inc.(1993), the U.S.Supreme Court held that it was

A)not always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had nonspecific pain and suffering.
B)always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had nonspecific pain and suffering.
C)not always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had suffered psychological injuries.
D)always necessary for plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases to prove that they had suffered psychological injuries.

Question 80

According to a survey cited in Chapter 6, approximately what percentage of men had experienced sexual harassment in the workplace? (at least one incident involving sexual harassment at work)

A)4%
B)12%
C)37%
D)53%