Question 1

For Kant, the subjective principle of an action is known as a&#10;A)Rule&#10;B)Virtue&#10;C)Imperative&#10;D)Maxim

Accepted Answer

Kant believed that the subjective principle of an action, or the motive behind it, was known as a maxim. He distinguished between hypothetical imperatives, which are conditional (e.g. "If you want to pass the test, study hard"), and the categorical imperative, which is unconditional and applies to all rational beings. The maxim is the subjective principle behind an action, and it is what determines whether an action is morally good or bad according to Kant's ethics.

Question 2

The view that we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions is known as&#10;A)Virtue ethics&#10;B)Divine command ethics&#10;C)Deontology&#10;D)Utilitarianism

Accepted Answer

The view that we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions is characteristic of utilitarianism. Virtue ethics emphasizes character traits and habits rather than specific actions, divine command ethics relies on religious authority for moral guidance, and deontology prioritizes following moral rules and duties regardless of the outcome.

Question 3

A.C.Ewing criticized&#10;A)Deontological principles&#10;B)Act utilitarian principles&#10;C)Virtue ethics&#10;D)Divine command theory

Accepted Answer

A.C. Ewing criticized act utilitarian principles, arguing that they could justify morally questionable actions if they lead to the greatest overall good.

Question 4

The &#34;hedonic calculus&#34; was developed by&#10;A)Epicurus&#10;B)Mill&#10;C)Bentham&#10;D)Kant

Accepted Answer

The hedonic calculus was developed by Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher who advocated for the ethics of utilitarianism. The hedonic calculus is a calculation method used to determine the amount of pleasure or pain produced by a certain action, and is a central concept in Bentham's philosophy.

Question 5

By &#34;good&#34; utilitarians mean&#10;A)Happiness or pleasure&#10;B)Morality or virtue&#10;C)Wealth or prosperity&#10;D)Desire satisfaction

Accepted Answer

Utilitarians believe that the ultimate goal of ethical decision-making should be to promote the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people. This is often referred to as the principle of utility. Utilitarians believe that actions that promote happiness or pleasure are good, while actions that cause pain or suffering are bad. Thus, choice A is the best choice.

Question 6

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill both endorsed&#10;A)Virtue ethics&#10;B)Divine command ethics&#10;C)Deontology&#10;D)Utilitarianism

Accepted Answer

Bentham and Mill are both known as prominent utilitarians who believed that actions should be evaluated based on their ability to produce the greatest amount of overall happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people. Virtue ethics emphasizes the importance of developing good character traits, while divine command ethics maintains that ethical principles are determined by God's commands. Deontology focuses on the moral duty to act in accordance with universally applicable rules or principles.

Question 7

Someone who holds that everyone should let self-interest guide their actions is a&#10;A)Personal egoist&#10;B)Personal hedonist&#10;C)Impersonal egoist&#10;D)Impersonal hedonist

Accepted Answer

An impersonal egoist believes that everyone should act in their own self-interest, not just themselves.

Question 8

For Kant, nothing is good in itself except&#10;A)God's law&#10;B)God's will&#10;C)A good will&#10;D)Good consequences

Accepted Answer

For Kant, the only thing that is good in itself is a good will. This means that actions are not inherently good or bad, but it is the intention behind them that determines their morality. A good will is one that is motivated by duty, rather than personal gain or desire for reward. Kant believed that this is the only way to achieve true morality, as it is based on the inherent worth of rational beings.

Question 9

The unnecessary buying and selling of stocks to generate commissions is known as&#10;A)Gouging&#10;B)Churning&#10;C)Emptying&#10;D)Stocking

Accepted Answer

Churning refers to excessive trading by a broker in a client's account to generate commissions for themselves rather than for the benefit of the client. This is unethical and illegal. Gouging refers to excessive charging of prices by a seller, emptying and stocking are not relevant terms in this context.

Question 10

Kant held that humanity should always be treated as&#10;A)Mere means&#10;B)Ends in themselves&#10;C)Instruments of will&#10;D)Utility maximizers

Accepted Answer

Kant believed that humanity should always be treated as ends in themselves, rather than simply as means to achieve some other end. In other words, people should be treated with respect and dignity, and not simply used for our own purposes. Treating people as mere means to an end is seen as a violation of their autonomy and inherent worth.

Question 11

The view that equates morality with self-interest is&#10;A)Stoicism&#10;B)Egoism&#10;C)Hedonism&#10;D)Platonism

Accepted Answer

The answer of The view that equates morality with self-interest...

Question 12

Nonconsequentialist theories are also called&#10;A)Deontological theories&#10;B)Relativist theories&#10;C)Egoistic theories&#10;D)Virtue ethics theories

Accepted Answer

The answer of Nonconsequentialist theories are also called&#10;A)Deontological theories&#10;B)Relativist theories&#10;C)Egoistic...

Question 13

Kant believed that moral rules can, in principle, be known from&#10;A)Observation only&#10;B)God's revelation&#10;C)Reason alone&#10;D)The use of intuition

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kant believed that moral rules can, in...

Question 14

Psychological hedonists hold that humans are by nature&#10;A)Virtuous&#10;B)Selfish&#10;C)Altruistic&#10;D)Immoral

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychological hedonists hold that humans are by...

Question 15

The view that it is morally acceptable for individuals to pursue their own self-interests while engaged in business is called&#10;A)Business privilege&#10;B)Business egoism&#10;C)Business hedonism&#10;D)Business practice

Accepted Answer

The answer of The view that it is morally acceptable...

Question 16

Kant's theory is&#10;A)Utilitarian&#10;B)Egoistic&#10;C)Nonconsequentialist&#10;D)Hedonistic

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kant's theory is&#10;A)Utilitarian&#10;B)Egoistic&#10;C)Nonconsequentialist&#10;D)Hedonistic...

Question 17

Adam Smith argued that if business is left to pursue its own self-interest&#10;A)The good of society will be served&#10;B)The morality of society will be undermined&#10;C)Great injustices will develop&#10;D)The good of society will be undermined

Accepted Answer

The answer of Adam Smith argued that if business is...

Question 18

Which theories of ethics contend that right and wrong are determined by more than the likely consequences of an action?&#10;A)Egoistic theories&#10;B)Nonconsequentialist theories&#10;C)Relativist theories&#10;D)Consequentialist theories

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which theories of ethics contend that right...

Question 19

Kant held that a moral law must have&#10;A)Good consequences&#10;B)Universal acceptability&#10;C)Particular acceptability&#10;D)Religious backing

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kant held that a moral law must...

Question 20

Epicurus was a&#10;A)Stoic&#10;B)Hedonist&#10;C)Platonist&#10;D)Aristotelian

Accepted Answer

The answer of Epicurus was a&#10;A)Stoic&#10;B)Hedonist&#10;C)Platonist&#10;D)Aristotelian...

Question 21

According to V.R.Ruggiero, how many concerns are common to most ethical systems?&#10;A)Two&#10;B)Three&#10;C)Four&#10;D)Five

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to V.R.Ruggiero, how many concerns are...

Question 22

The view that the utilitarian standard should be applied to moral codes as a whole is&#10;A)Act utilitarianism&#10;B)Rule utilitarianism&#10;C)Virtue utilitarianism&#10;D)Prima facie utilitarianism

Accepted Answer

The answer of The view that the utilitarian standard should...

Question 23

Human rights are universal.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Human rights are universal....

Question 24

W.D.Ross endorsed utilitarianism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of W.D.Ross endorsed utilitarianism....

Question 25

Under eminent domain the government can appropriate private property for public use.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under eminent domain the government can appropriate...

Question 26

Utilitarianism provides a clear and straightforward basis for formulating and testing policies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Utilitarianism provides a clear and straightforward basis...

Question 27

The ethical perspective of W.D.Ross is&#10;A)Monistic&#10;B)Pluralist&#10;C)Theistic&#10;D)Epicurean

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ethical perspective of W.D.Ross is&#10;A)Monistic&#10;B)Pluralist&#10;C)Theistic&#10;D)Epicurean...

Question 28

W.D.Ross believed that all (or most) of our obligations are&#10;A)Kantian obligations&#10;B)Utilitarian obligations&#10;C)The obligations of etiquette&#10;D)Prima facie obligations

Accepted Answer

The answer of W.D.Ross believed that all (or most) of...

Question 29

Bentham and Mill had the same conception of pleasure.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bentham and Mill had the same conception...

Question 30

Kant's categorical imperative holds that we should always act in such a way that we can will the maxim of our action to be universal law.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kant's categorical imperative holds that we should...

Question 31

All egoists endorse hedonism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All egoists endorse hedonism....

Question 32

Utilitarianism requires us to disregard our own pleasure.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Utilitarianism requires us to disregard our own...

Question 33

A prima facie obligation cannot be overridden.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A prima facie obligation cannot be overridden....

Question 34

Actions affect people to different degrees.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Actions affect people to different degrees....

Question 35

A common objection to ethical egoism is that it ignores blatant wrongs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A common objection to ethical egoism is...

Question 36

Egoists can identify the good with knowledge.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Egoists can identify the good with knowledge....

Deck 2: Normative Theories of Ethics