Deck 7: How Cells Release Chemical Energy

Question 1

The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below is I.
Glycolysis
II)
Electron transport chain
III)
Krebs cycle

A) I >>> II >>> III.
B) II >>> I >>> III.
C) III >>> I >>> II.
D) II >>> III >>> I.
E) I >>> III >>> II.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A) occurs during glycolysis.
B) requires the presence of oxygen.
C) is a precursor for the phosphorylation of glucose.
D) is the source for the majority of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration.
E) all of these are true.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

How many ATP molecules (total) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 36
E) 38

Answer 3

C

Question 4

During the third stage of aerobic respiration, electrons and hydrogen ions released by the reactions of the first two stages are picked up by

A) photosynthetic enzymes and ATP.
B) CO₂ and H₂O
C) iron and glucose.
D) NAD+ and FAD.
E) none of these.

Question 5

When molecules are broken apart in respiration,

A) the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.
B) the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.
C) the energy released is channeled into molecules of ATP.
D) ATP is converted into ADP.
E) ADP is released as a waste product.

Question 6

Pyruvate is the end product of

A) glycolysis.
B) acetyl-CoA formation.
C) fermentation.
D) the Krebs cycle.
E) the citric acid cycle.

Question 7

Substrate-level phosphorylation transfers phosphate groups from

A) substrate.
B) coenzyme.
C) the electron transfer chain.
D) ATP.
E) the Krebs cycle.

Question 8

Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of NAD⁺ and

A) NADP.
B) pyruvate.
C) glucose.
D) NADH.
E) H₂O.

Question 9

How many net ATP are generated in aerobic respiration?

A) 2
B) 8
C) 10
D) 32
E) 36

Question 10

For animals, the final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration is

A) NADP+.
B) sulfur.
C) oxygen.
D) magnesium.
E) phosphorus.

Question 11

Which of the following is indicated by the arrow as the location of glycolysis?

A) cytoplasm
B) Golgi body
C) nucleoid
D) mitochondrion
E) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

Which of the following yields carbon dioxide during the breakdown of glucose in aerobic respiration?

A) phosphoglycerate
B) pyruvate
C) oxaloacetate
D) PGAL
E) fructose bisphosphate

Question 13

The symptoms and signs of Friedreich's ataxia include all of the following EXCEPT

A) loss of coordination.
B) iron buildup in mitochondria.
C) serious heart problems.
D) liver failure.
E) weak muscles.

Question 14

Which of the following has the greatest total energy?

A) cAMP
B) ADP
C) ATP
D) glucose
E) NADPH

Question 15

Aerobic respiration

A) evolved and enabled living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose.
B) occurs only in animal cells because plants carry on photosynthesis.
C) utilizes fat as its primary energy source.
D) occurs at the same rate throughout all cells of the body.
E) is the only cellular mechanism that yields ATP.

Question 16

Which of the following molecules does NOT have a total of three carbon atoms?

A) PEP
B) PGAL
C) fructose-1, 6-biphosphate
D) pyruvate
E) phosphoglycerate (PGA)

Question 17

Which of the following requires oxygen to function?

A) aerobic respiration
B) anaerobic respiration
C) alcoholic fermentation
D) lactate fermentation
E) all require oxygen

Question 18

For glycolysis to begin,

A) glucose must enter the mitochondria.
B) there must be an input of energy from ATP.
C) oxygen must be available.
D) some hydrogen acceptors must be available.
E) none of these needs to occur.

Question 19

In the breakdown of glucose, a phosphorylated six-carbon compound is split into two three-carbon compounds, which are named

A) PGAL.
B) pyruvate.
C) acetyl-CoA.
D) lactate.
E) acetaldehyde.

Question 20

How many ATP are spent before a glucose molecule can be broken down to release energy?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 6

Question 21

The electron transfer chain is located

A) on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
B) on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts.
C) in the fluid part of the chloroplast.
D) throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
E) on the plasma membrane of eukaryotes.

Question 22

Because of its location in the electron transfer chain, delivery of electrons to each NADH results in ____ ATPs.

A) 4
B) 2
C) 3
D) 32
E) 0

Question 23

The last intermediate produced in the Krebs cycle before the entry of the next acetyl-CoA is

A) pyruvate.
B) acetyl-CoA.
C) fructose bisphosphate.
D) oxaloacetate.
E) citrate.

Question 24

If you were searching for anaerobic bacteria, you would NOT look for them in

A) the guts of farm animals.
B) swamps.
C) shallow, running water.
D) sediments of lakes and oceans.
E) canned goods.

Question 25

After meals

A) the pancreas secretes glucagon.
B) liver cells take up glucose and produce glycogen.
C) the brain continues to receive adequate glucose.
D) fatty-acid conversions supply about half of the ATP needed by muscle and liver cells.
E) all of these occur.

Question 26

Where is hydrogen actively pumped in the mitochondria?

A) To the inner membrane.
B) To the outer membrane.
C) To the intermembrane space.
D) To the matrix.
E) To the cytoplasm.

Question 27

MATCHING
Matching.Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
acetyl-CoA formation

Question 28

The energy used to generate most of the ATP formed in aerobic respiration is released when electrons are passed from NADH along a chain to

A) oxygen.
B) acetyl CoA.
C) FADH.
D) CO_2..
E) NADPH.

Question 29

During which phase of aerobic respiration is FADH₂ produced?

A) glycolysis
B) ethanol production
C) acetyl-CoA formation
D) the Krebs cycle
E) glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle

Question 30

MATCHING
Matching.Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
fermentation

Question 31

Bakers use alcoholic fermentation to produce ____ which causes the dough to rise.

A) alcohol
B) ATP
C) butyric acid
D) carbon dioxide
E) none of these

Question 32

During the Krebs cycle,

A) substrate-level phosphorylation occurs.
B) oxaloacetate is regenerated.
C) electrons and H⁺ are transferred to coenzymes NAD⁺ and FAD.
D) molecules of carbon dioxide are formed.
E) all of these occur.

Question 33

The yield from each pyruvate in the second stage of aerobic respiration includes

A) 4 NADH.
B) 1 FADH₂.
C) 1 ATP.
D) 3 CO₂.
E) all of these.

Question 34

In the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol, which of the following is(are) produced?

A) acetaldehyde
B) carbon dioxide
C) NADH
D) acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide only
E) acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and NADH

Question 35

Which statement is true?

A) High concentrations of ATP inhibit the formation of more ATP.
B) The ATP concentration in cells actually decreases at first when cells need large supplies of energy.
C) The activity of many different enzymes influences the supply of ATP in cells.
D) Cells constantly adjust their metabolic reactions to provide energy whenever it is needed.
E) All of these are true.

Question 36

If fermentation pathways follow glycolysis,

A) CO₂ will be one of the products as pyruvate is converted to lactate.
B) the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will (depending on the organism) be used to reduce pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO₂.
C) ATP will be required to convert pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO₂.
D) oxidative phosphorylation occurs either on the plasma membrane or on derivatives of the plasma membrane.
E) none of these will occur.

Question 37

MATCHING
Matching.Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
glycolysis

Question 38

When glucose is used as the energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced in

A) glycolysis.
B) acetyl-CoA formation.
C) the Krebs cycle.
D) substrate-level phosphorylation.
E) electron transfer phosphorylation.

Question 39

Intermediates in the breakdown of ____ can be diverted into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) proteins
D) all of these
E) carbohydrates and lipids only

Question 40

What is lost when acetyl-CoA enters into the Krebs cycle?

A) pyruvate.
B) coenzyme A.
C) fructose bisphosphate.
D) oxaloacetate.
E) citrate.

Question 41

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
Acetyl-CoA is produced when __________ is broken down.

Question 42

Classification.Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.glycolysis
b.aerobic respiration
c.anaerobic electron transfer
d.alcoholic fermentation
e.lactate fermentation
In this process, the net energy yield is equal to two molecules of ATP, and the final product is ethanol.

Question 43

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
This compound is produced by fast-twitch muscle fibers.

Question 44

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
The electron transport chain begins to function when __________ or __________ are oxidized.

Question 45

Discuss how photosynthesis is a natural partner for aerobic respiration.

Question 46

Classification.Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.glycolysis
b.aerobic respiration
c.anaerobic electron transfer
d.alcoholic fermentation
e.lactate fermentation
This process precedes the Krebs cycle.

Question 47

MATCHING
Matching.Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
electron transfer phosphorylation

Question 48

What is the ultimate fate of the carbon atoms in a glucose molecule that goes through aerobic respiration?

Question 49

MATCHING
Matching.Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a.produces NADH and CO₂; pyruvate oxidized
b.produces ATP, NADH, and CO₂
c.splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d.regenerates NAD⁺ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e.uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
the Krebs cycle

Question 50

What molecule is the entry point to aerobic respiration for carbohydrates, proteins and fats?

Question 51

Classification.Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.glycolysis
b.aerobic respiration
c.anaerobic electron transfer
d.alcoholic fermentation
e.lactate fermentation
This process involves electron transfer phosphorylation.

Question 52

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
This compound is the end product of glycolysis.

Question 53

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
Glucose-6-phosphate is trapped within the cell because __________.

Question 54

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
This compound is an end product of anaerobic respiration in exercising muscle.

Question 55

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
This compound is an intermediate product of alcoholic fermentation but not lactate fermentation.

Question 56

Classification.Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.glycolysis
b.aerobic respiration
c.anaerobic electron transfer
d.alcoholic fermentation
e.lactate fermentation
This process yields the most energy.

Question 57

Classification.Use the five processes listed below for the following questions.
a.glycolysis
b.aerobic respiration
c.anaerobic electron transfer
d.alcoholic fermentation
e.lactate fermentation
In this one-step process, the final product is lactate.

Question 58

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
During alcoholic fermentation, __________ is converted into ethanol.

Question 59

Classification.Use the five compounds listed below for the following questions.
a.ethanol
b.pyruvate
c.lactate
d.citrate
e.acetaldehyde
This compound is utilized in alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation.

Question 60

In a mitochondrion, a mutation occurs such that the protein responsible for accepting electrons from FADH2 no longer functions.How many net ATP will this mitochondrion make in aerobic respiration?