Deck 9: From Dna to Protein

Question 1

All of the different kinds of RNA are transcribed in the

A) mitochondria.
B) cytoplasm.
C) ribosomes.
D) nucleus.
E) endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In this depiction of transcription, the ____ strand is ____ because it ____.

A) upper; RNA; is single-stranded.
B) lower; RNA; contains uracil.
C) lower; RNA; contains thymine.
D) upper; RNA; has no uracil (U).
E) lower; DNA; contains adenine (A).

Answer 2

B

Question 3

There are how many different kinds of RNA codons?

A) 3
B) 12
C) 28
D) 64
E) 120

Answer 3

D

Question 4

If the DNA triplets are ATG-CGT, the mRNA codons are

A) AUG-CGU.
B) ATG-CGT.
C) UAC-GCA.
D) UAG-CGU.
E) all of these.

Question 5

The portion of the DNA molecule that is translated is composed of

A) introns.
B) anticodons.
C) exons.
D) transcriptions.
E) exons and transcriptions.

Question 6

The genetic code is made up of units consisting of how many nucleotides?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6
E) 9

Question 7

A linear stretch of DNA that specifies the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called a(n)

A) codon.
B) intron.
C) messenger.
D) gene.
E) enzyme.

Question 8

Ricin is

A) a substance found in castor bean seeds.
B) a polysaccharide extracted from rice.
C) an ingredient in many paints and cosmetics.
D) a protein that inactivates ribosomes.
E) a substance found in castor bean seeds and a protein that inactivates ribosomes.

Question 9

Uracil will pair with

A) ribose.
B) adenine.
C) cytosine.
D) thymine.
E) guanine.

Question 10

The relationship between strands of RNA and DNA is

A) antagonistic.
B) opposite.
C) complementary.
D) an exact duplicate.
E) unrelated.

Question 11

Before messenger RNA is mature,

A) all exons are deleted and removed.
B) a cap and a tail are provided.
C) anticodons are assembled.
D) the transfer RNA transfers the messenger RNA to the ribosome.
E) the single RNA strand duplicates itself in much the same way as DNA.

Question 12

There are how many different kinds of amino acids in proteins?

A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 20
E) 28

Question 13

Which of the following dominates in the process of transcription?

A) RNA polymerase
B) DNA polymerase
C) helicase
D) transfer RNA
E) all of these dominate in the process of transcription

Question 14

DNA and RNA are alike in

A) the pentose sugar.
B) all the nitrogenous bases used to assemble the genetic code.
C) the number of strands.
D) their function in genetics.
E) none of these.

Question 15

Transcription starts at a region of DNA called a(n)

A) sequencer.
B) promoter.
C) activator.
D) terminator.
E) transcriber.

Question 16

Ricin is toxic because

A) it binds to eukaryotic DNA.
B) it binds to eukaryotic mRNA.
C) it blocks food from entering the cell.
D) it inactivates ribosomes.
E) it binds to nerve tissue and causes paralysis.

Question 17

The form of RNA that carries the code from DNA to the site of protein assembly is called

A) messenger RNA.
B) nuclear RNA.
C) ribosomal RNA.
D) transfer RNA.
E) structural RNA.

Question 18

The two steps of transcription followed by translation

A) explain the structural complexity of genes.
B) describe the flow of genetic information.
C) are based upon the role of proteins in controlling life.
D) do not explain how genes function.
E) explain evolution in terms of molecular biology.

Question 19

The helix structure on the right of the above figure represents

A) DNA.
B) RNA.
C) lipid.
D) protein.
E) phospholipid.

Question 20

____ molecules carry protein-assembly instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

A) Template DNA
B) Messenger RNA
C) Transfer RNA
D) Ribosomal RNA
E) All of these

Question 21

A gene mutation

A) is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
B) may be caused by environmental agents.
C) may arise spontaneously.
D) can occur in any organism.
E) is described by all of these.

Question 22

AUGCGUCCA The sequence of amino acids specified by this mRNA is

A) serine - histidine - lysine.
B) methionine - arginine -proline.
C) methionine -alanine - serine.
D) valine - arginine - leucine.
E) none of these.

Question 23

During the termination stage

A) a STOP codon enters the ribosome.
B) release factors bind the ribosome.
C) mRNA detaches from the ribosome and the polypeptide chain.
D) ribosomal subunits separate.
E) all of these occur.

Question 24

A polysome is

A) one of the units of a ribosome.
B) the nuclear organelle that synthesizes RNA.
C) an organelle that functions similarly to a ribosome during meiosis.
D) the two units of a ribosome considered together.
E) an mRNA molecule with several ribosomes attached.

Question 25

The difference between normal and sickle-cell hemoglobin is based upon

A) the number of amino acids in the molecule.
B) the substitution of one amino acid for another.
C) the number and orientation of the amino acid chains attached to the heme portion of the molecule.
D) the number of oxygen molecules that can be carried.
E) the type of bone marrow that produces it.

Question 26

Of all the different codons that exist, three of them

A) are involved in mutations.
B) do not specify a particular amino acid.
C) cannot be copied.
D) provide instructions such as STOP.
E) do not specify a particular amino acid and provide instructions such as STOP.

Question 27

Which event occurs during the elongation stage?

A) Peptide bonds form.
B) Free amino acids bind to the mRNA binding site.
C) Anticodons bind to complementary codons.
D) A STOP codon enters the ribosome.
E) Peptide bonds form, and anticodons bind to complementary codons.

Question 28

The wobble effect pertains to the matching of

A) codons with anticodons.
B) codons with exons.
C) exons with introns.
D) template DNA with messenger RNA.
E) messenger RNA with ribosomal RNA.

Question 29

Ribosomal subunits

A) come together in threes to form functional units.
B) are composed of mRNA and structural proteins.
C) are synthesized in the cytoplasm.
D) converge only when mRNA is to be translated.
E) are transcribed from the complementary strand of DNA that is used for tRNA transcription.

Question 30

Frameshift mutations may involve

A) substitution of nucleotides.
B) substitution of codons.
C) substitution of amino acids.
D) addition or deletion of one or more base pairs.
E) none of these.

Question 31

Which event may occur in all viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes?

A) duplication
B) aneuploidy
C) translocation
D) mutation
E) none of these

Question 32

Which event of translation is shown in the figure above?

A) initiation
B) elongation
C) termination
D) peptide bond formation
E) elongation and peptide bond formation

Question 33

If the DNA nucleotides read ATG-CGT-GAC, the amino acid sequence of the resulting polypeptide would be

A) tyrosine - alanine -leucine.
B) methionine -arginine - asparagines.
C) histidine - glycine - praline.
D) serine - lysine - glycine.
E) all of these.

Question 34

Which stage of translation is shown in the figure above?

A) initiation
B) elongation
C) termination
D) peptide bond formation
E) polysome activity

Question 35

In correct order, the three stages of translation are

A) initiation, replication, and termination.
B) elongation, peptide bond formation, and codon-anticodon pairing.
C) initiation, chain elongation, and termination.
D) termination, initiation, and replication.
E) none of these.

Question 36

Which of the following carries amino acids to ribosomes, where amino acids are linked into the primary structure of a polypeptide?

A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) hnRNA
D) rRNA
E) all of these

Question 37

Mutations can be

A) random.
B) beneficial.
C) lethal.
D) heritable.
E) all of these.

Question 38

The structure in the above figure demonstrates which of the following?

A) transcription and translation occur simultaneously on a single strand
B) ribosomes attached to a strand of DNA
C) a small ribosomal subunit
D) multiple ribosomes on a strand of mRNA
E) all of these

Question 39

The following questions refer to the genetic code table above.
The first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain is

A) alanine.
B) cysteine.
C) variable.
D) phenylalanine.
E) methionine.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Gene mutations occur independently of each other.
B) Gene mutations are relatively rare.
C) Ionizing radiation causes chromosomal damage and free radical formation.
D) Mutations are random; that is, it is impossible to predict exactly when a specific gene will mutate, but an expected frequency can be assigned.
E) All of these are true.

Question 41

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
translation

Question 42

Classification.You will need a genetic code table to answer the following.The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately.
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
This codon terminates a coding region.

Question 43

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
anticodon

Question 44

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
messenger RNA

Question 45

Mutations may arise by replication error, __________ activity, or exposure to environmental hazards.

Question 46

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
transcription

Question 47

Classification.You will need a genetic code table to answer the following.The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately.
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
A single mutation involving the second letter of codon AUA could convert it to this codon.

Question 48

Classification.You will need a genetic code table to answer the following.The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately.
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
This codon codes for an amino acid and indicates the beginning of a coding region.

Question 49

Classification.You will need a genetic code table to answer the following.The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately.
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
The anticodon AAA pairs with this codon.

Question 50

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
promoters

Question 51

Each tRNA has an __________ that base-pairs with a codon, and each binds to the kind of amino acid specified by the codon.

Question 52

The process of gene expression includes two steps: __________ and __________.

Question 53

Classification.You will need a genetic code table to answer the following.The following statements refer to the five RNA codons listed below; match them appropriately.
a.AUG
b.UAA
c.UUU
d.UUA
e.AAA
A DNA codon of ATT is complementary to this RNA codon.

Question 54

In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to a __________ in the DNA near a gene, and then assembles a strand of RNA.

Question 55

Genetic information carried by a(n) __________ directs the synthesis of a __________ chain during translation.

Question 56

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
Nirenberg, Leder

Question 57

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
McClintock

Question 58

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
polysome

Question 59

Gene expression requires the participation of the following three types of RNA: __________, __________and __________.

Question 60

MATCHING
Choose the best matching element.
a.deciphered the mRNA code words
b.RNA-directed synthesis of polypeptide chains
c.sites at which RNA polymerases can bind and initiate transcription
d.binds to small subunit platform of a ribosome
e.guided and catalyzed by RNA polymerases
f.polypeptide chain elongation proceeds independently at each body in this cluster
g.discovered transposons
h.a tRNA triplet opposite a codon
i.a set of three nucleotides
codon

Question 61

The concepts of transcription and translation have been said to form the 'central dogma' of molecular biology.Is this a fitting description?

Question 62

What are the odds of a given cell division producing a product with a mutation in a region that produces a protein product?

Question 63

Assume alternative splicing can generate all permutations and combination.How many proteins could a gene with three exons and two introns generate?

Question 64

What does the fact that all organisms use essentially the same genetic code suggest about the origin of life?