Deck 42: Animal Development

Question 1

Use the figure above to answer the following questions.
The letter "C" from the above figure represents

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) neural plate.
E) yolk.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is FALSE regarding morphogens?

A) They are long-range signals in pattern formation.
B) They are encoded by master genes.
C) They affect gene expression.
D) Their concentration increases with distance from source.
E) All of these are true.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT true regarding apoptosis?

A) It is programmed cell death.
B) It sculpts body parts.
C) It primarily eliminates old, diseased cells.
D) It involves cell self-destruction.
E) The formation of the human hand is an example.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All of the following are true of every cell of the early human embryo EXCEPT that

A) each has the same genes as all the others.
B) each can give rise to an entire human.
C) they are undifferentiated.
D) all will differentiate alike.
E) all have maternal messages.

Question 5

Classification.Respond to the following statements in reference to the four kinds of social behavior listed below.
a.altruism
b.cooperation
c.selfish herd behavior
d.subordination
In 2009, Nadya Suleman, gave birth to

A) pentuplets.
B) sextuplets.
C) octuplets.
D) the first human clone.
E) none of these.

Question 6

Which stage of development involves initial cellular reorganization?

A) gamete formation
B) fertilization
C) gastrulation
D) organ formation
E) tissue specialization

Question 7

The change in the developmental fates of different cell lineages in response to signals from adjacent tissues is

A) contact inhibition.
B) ooplasmic localization.
C) embryonic induction.
D) pattern formation.
E) all of these.

Question 8

Cleavage produces the

A) zygote.
B) blastula.
C) gastrula.
D) puff.
E) third germ layer.

Question 9

Homeotic genes

A) cause lethal mutations.
B) regulate development of specific body parts.
C) are found only in fruit flies, where they are responsible for odd placement of appendages.
D) produce "fate maps."
E) form as blocks of genes in cells randomly distributed throughout the body.

Question 10

In amphibians, the gray crescent appears

A) after the egg matures.
B) after fertilization.
C) during blastula formation.
D) following gastrulation.
E) as a result of tissue specialization.

Question 11

The explanation for the differences between a human liver cell and a cell from the skin is the

A) maternal and paternal origins of the genes.
B) gene content of the two cells.
C) expression of the genes in the two cells.
D) fact that they originated from different primary tissue layers.
E) different functions of the cells.

Question 12

Which embryonic tissue is incorrectly associated with its derivative?

A) skin; mesoderm
B) nervous system; ectoderm
C) liver; endoderm
D) circulatory system; mesoderm
E) brain; ectoderm

Question 13

The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating frog development.
Apoptosis is occurring at

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) E.

Question 14

Which of the following is the final stage of the prenatal period?

A) zygote.
B) blastocyst.
C) embryo.
D) fetus.
E) infant.

Question 15

The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating frog development.
Fertilization is indicated by

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) E.

Question 16

Gastrulation produces

A) hollow balls of cells.
B) embryos with primary tissue layers.
C) solid balls of cells.
D) maternal messages.
E) all of these.

Question 17

Which stage in reproduction and development occurs before the others?

A) cleavage
B) gamete formation
C) gastrula formation
D) zygote formation
E) blastula formation

Question 18

A fetus born earlier than ___ weeks is considered premature.

A) 22
B) 26
C) 30
D) 33
E) 37

Question 19

Select the correct sequence of animal developmental events.

A) fertilization >>> cleavage >>> gastrula >>> blastula
B) fertilization >>> cleavage >>> blastula >>> gastrula
C) fertilization >>> blastula >>> cleavage >>> gastrula
D) fertilization >>> gastrula >>> blastula >>> cleavage
E) fertilization >>> blastula >>> gastrula >>> cleavage

Question 20

Use the figure above to answer the following questions.
The letter "A" from the above figure represents

A) ectoderm.
B) endoderm.
C) mesoderm.
D) neural plate.
E) yolk.

Question 21

The placenta

A) forms from endometrial and extraembryonic tissues.
B) will cover about one-fourth of the inner uterine surface at full term.
C) does not normally intermingle fetal blood with maternal blood.
D) secretes progesterone and estrogens that maintain the uterine lining during the second and third trimesters.
E) does all of these.

Question 22

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Ovulation occurs when the follicle ruptures and releases an egg.
B) The zygote divides by mitosis during cleavage.
C) Fertilization occurs in the upper regions of the oviduct.
D) The blastocyst implants in the endometrial lining of the uterus.
E) Implantation occurs about 36 hours after fertilization.

Question 23

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
animal pole

Question 24

The female hormones that participate in milk production for and delivery to the newborn are

A) prolactin and oxytocin.
B) prolactin and estrogen.
C) prolactin and progesterone.
D) oxytocin and estrogen.
E) oxytocin and progesterone.

Question 25

Which of the following diffuses in greater amounts from the fetal blood to the mother's blood?

A) oxygen
B) urea
C) hormones
D) antibodies
E) nutrients

Question 26

Smoking tobacco regularly during pregnancy results in all EXCEPT

A) increased risk of miscarriage.
B) newborns of lower birth weight.
C) reduced vitamin C levels for the mother-to-be and for her fetus.
D) fetal facial and cranial deformities.
E) higher incidence of fetal heart defects.

Question 27

Use the figure above showing developmental day 14 to answer the following questions.
The yolk sac is indicated by

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) E.

Question 28

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
controlled cell death

Question 29

By the eighth week in humans

A) the embryo looks distinctly human.
B) the neural tube is complete.
C) upper and lower limbs have formed, and individual fingers and toes have separated from each other.
D) male or female reproductive structures are forming.
E) all of these are true.

Question 30

Which of the following human extraembryonic membranes is the first site of blood cell formation and the source of germ cells?

A) amnion
B) yolk sac
C) chorion
D) allantois
E) none of these

Question 31

The hormone ____ is involved in a positive feedback cycle that results in strong uterine contractions during labor.

A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) cortisol
D) progesterone
E) prolactin

Question 32

Use the figure above showing developmental day 14 to answer the following questions.
The cavity of the sac that will directly enclose the embryo is indicated by

A) A.
B) B.
C) C.
D) D.
E) E.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is false regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

A) The developing embryo or fetus quickly absorbs alcohol across the placenta.
B) Symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome include reduced brain size and facial deformities.
C) Cases of FAS are seriously underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed.
D) The effects of FAS are temporary.
E) Even occasional drinking may have negative effects.

Question 34

Which of the following human extraembryonic membranes forms the urinary bladder?

A) amnion
B) yolk sac
C) chorion
D) allantois
E) none of these

Question 35

Which of the following systems is the first to begin development in the human embryo?

A) nervous system
B) excretory system
C) reproductive system
D) skeletal system
E) endocrine system

Question 36

Milk production in women is stimulated by

A) estrogen.
B) prolactin.
C) oxytocin.
D) prostaglandin.
E) progesterone.

Question 37

Which of the following gives rise to the embryo during human development?

A) trophoblast
B) amnion
C) inner cell mass
D) chorion
E) placenta

Question 38

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
cleavage

Question 39

Which of the following does NOT occur in the first trimester during human development?

A) formation of a heart
B) disappearance of the tail
C) formation of internal organs
D) detection of movement of the fetus
E) segmentation and development of somites

Question 40

Adequate intake of ____ by a mother-to-be before and during early pregnancy may reduce the risk of spina bifida and other serious neural tube defects.

A) carbohydrates
B) folic acid
C) calcium
D) vitamin C
E) sodium

Question 41

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.somites
b.blastomeres
c.ectoderm
d.mesoderm
e.endoderm
It forms between the other two primary tissue layers.

Question 42

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.somites
b.blastomeres
c.ectoderm
d.mesoderm
e.endoderm
This starts the gut's inner lining.

Question 43

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.somites
b.blastomeres
c.ectoderm
d.mesoderm
e.endoderm
This is the first primary tissue layer to form.

Question 44

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.somites
b.blastomeres
c.ectoderm
d.mesoderm
e.endoderm
These reorganize themselves into the gastrula.

Question 45

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
gastrulation

Question 46

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
embryonic induction

Question 47

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
gastrula

Question 48

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
differentiation

Question 49

Gastrulation is controlled by signal-sending cells that cause movement of neighboring cells and this is called __________.

Question 50

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.zygote
b.blastula
c.cleavage
d.gastrula
e.somites
Its cellular descendents give rise to all tissue and organs.

Question 51

__________ results in an early embryo that has two or three primary tissue layers.

Question 52

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
fertilization

Question 53

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the one best answer for each numbered item.
a.visible marker of the site where an amphibian's body axis will be established and where gastrulation will begin
b.the formation of two or three embryonic tissue layers
c.the fusion of male and female nuclei
d.the entire body divides transversely; each half grows and regenerates the missing part
e.selective gene expression results in different cell types
f.subdividing of the zygote by mitosis; no growth occurs
g.region of zygote that has less yolk and is pigmented
h.an embryonic stage of development that has three primary tissue layers before organogenesis begins
i.the formation of organs
j.
one body part develops in response to signals from an adjacent part
k.the growth, shaping, and spatial coordination of tissues and organs so that a predefined pattern of the whole organism results
l.
occurs in the formation of the human hand
gray crescent

Question 54

Most often, three tissue layers form: outer __________, inner __________, and __________ in between the first two layers.

Question 55

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.zygote
b.blastula
c.cleavage
d.gastrula
e.somites
This stage appears as a multicell, fluid-filled ball.

Question 56

Cleavage produces a __________ stage cell.

Question 57

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.zygote
b.blastula
c.cleavage
d.gastrula
e.somites
This is the fertilized egg.

Question 58

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.zygote
b.blastula
c.cleavage
d.gastrula
e.somites
This is a longitudinal series of paired segments.

Question 59

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms listed below.
a.zygote
b.blastula
c.cleavage
d.gastrula
e.somites
This is the division of the zygote.

Question 60

Classification.Respond to the following statements with reference to the five terms below.
a.somites
b.blastomeres
c.ectoderm
d.mesoderm
e.endoderm
These are the source of most bones and the skeletal muscle of the head and trunk.

Question 61

A woman has discovered she is pregnant.What should she avoid to reduce the risk of injuring the fetus or having a miscarriage?

Question 62

Diffusion of morphogens--products of master genes--creates gradients that cause the differential expression of other genes such as __________, which govern the formation of specific body parts.

Question 63

__________ regulates the maturation of the mammary glands, and then oxytocin causes __________.

Question 64

__________, products of master genes, act as long-range signals that diffuse out from a source and form a concentration gradient.

Question 65

Nutrients and antibodies move across the placenta from mother to embryo or fetus, as do __________, which can cause birth defects.

Question 66

During implantation, the __________ buries itself in the uterine wall.

Question 67

Is a mutation more likely to be lethal if it impacts early or late stages in development?

Question 68

A human embryo does not experience apoptosis.What unusual features would be found on the newborn?

Question 69

What would happen if human chorionic gonadotropin levels did not rise adequately during pregnancy?