Deck 19: Lifes Origin and Early Evolution

Question 1

The area indicated by "A" in the figure represents

A) sunlight energy in the environment.
B) heat energy in the environment.
C) electrical energy in the environment.
D) ionizing radiation in the environment.
E) the explosion of the hydrogen gas to release energy for the reactions.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The "big bang" refers to

A) an event marking the beginning of the universe.
B) the extinction of the dinosaurs.
C) the inevitable end of the universe.
D) the collision of the first galaxies forming the universe as it is today.
E) the inevitable death of large stars.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The formation of amino acids under abiotic conditions was important because they serve as

A) a supply of structural units for proteins.
B) enzymes to catalyze reactions.
C) subunits in the formation of DNA.
D) subunits in the formation of RNA.
E) subunits for the formation of lipids.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The earth's earliest atmosphere was likely composed mostly of gaseous

A) hydrogen.
B) nitrogen.
C) water vapor.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) mixtures of these.

Question 5

Life probably would never have emerged on Earth if the ancient atmosphere had been the same as the present one in regard to

A) carbon dioxide.
B) hydrogen.
C) oxygen.
D) nitrogen.
E) carbon monoxide.

Question 6

An hypothesis currently getting a lot of attention concerning the origin of biological molecules is that they originated

A) in hot springs.
B) near volcanoes.
C) near hydrothermal oceanic vents.
D) in salt lakes.
E) in tidal pools.

Question 7

DNA replaced RNA as the main information molecule probably because

A) DNA contains thymine and RNA does not.
B) DNA is double stranded and breaks less easily.
C) DNA can store more protein-building instructions in less space.
D) RNA is highly unstable.
E) two of these are correct.

Question 8

Of the following extremes, at which has life NOT been found?

A) low pH.
B) high temperature.
C) high pressure.
D) high salinity.
E) it has been found at all of these.

Question 9

The by-product of the metabolism of cyanobacteria that had the most effect on the further evolution of life is

A) oxygen gas.
B) carbon dioxide.
C) water.
D) nitrogen gas.
E) hydrogen gas.

Question 10

The accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere

A) was a result of the accumulation of a by-product of a type of photosynthesis.
B) prevented the further spontaneous generation of life.
C) provided the opportunity to extract more energy through aerobic respiration.
D) did not occur immediately after the earth was formed.
E) did all of these.

Question 11

Aerobic respiration became established as a result of the evolution of

A) the first proto-cells.
B) the first true cells.
C) metabolism.
D) the cyclic pathway of photosynthesis.
E) the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis.

Question 12

Which step in the evolution of life is the most complex and probably occurred last?

A) formation of DNA
B) formation of protein-RNA systems
C) formation of membrane-bound proto-cells
D) spontaneous formation of organic compounds under abiotic conditions
E) formation of ATP

Question 13

Miller's reaction chamber contained gases intended to simulate the atmosphere of the ancient Earth.Which of the following gases was NOT included?

A) carbon dioxide
B) methane
C) ammonia
D) water vapor
E) hydrogen gas

Question 14

Proto-cells are considered to have

A) been simple membrane-bound sacs.
B) been able to capture energy.
C) been able to engage in metabolism.
D) been able to reproduce.
E) all of these.

Question 15

Chemical evolution started on Earth

A) after the appearance of prokaryotic cells.
B) long before any cells emerged.
C) after the appearance of eukaryotic cells.
D) after the appearance of eukaryotic cells but before the appearance of multicellular organisms.
E) after the appearance of multicellular organisms.

Question 16

The first eukaryotic fossils are dated to about

A) 3.8 billion years ago.
B) 2.1 billion years ago.
C) 1.5 billion years ago.
D) 750 million years ago.
E) 201 million years ago.

Question 17

The ozone layer is valuable because it blocks:

A) heat.
B) UV radiation.
C) radio waves.
D) asteroids.
E) all of these.

Question 18

The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating Miller's reaction chamber.
This apparatus was used in the primitive Earth atmosphere simulation experiments performed by

A) Stanley Miller.
B) Thomas Brock.
C) Australian researchers.
D) Jeon Kwang.
E) Lynn Margulis.

Question 19

The first cells were

A) autotrophic.
B) parasitic.
C) anaerobic.
D) aerobic.
E) all of these.

Question 20

Fossils indicate that the first cells were similar to existing

A) viruses.
B) fungi.
C) prokaryotes.
D) eukaryotes.
E) algae.

Question 21

The first major divergence of life gave rise to all of the following except

A) bacteria.
B) archea.
C) ancestors of the eukaryotes.
D) endomembrane systems.
E) The first major divergence of life gave rise to all of these.

Question 22

The extensive infolding of eukaryotic membranes form structures that allow for

A) the concentration of nutrients.
B) greater surface area for metabolism.
C) the transport of proteins.
D) the protection of metabolic machinery.
E) all of these.

Question 23

The earliest known organism capable of sexual reproduction is a type of

A) virus.
B) bacterium.
C) alga.
D) animal-like protist.
E) fungus.

Question 24

Chloroplasts

A) resemble photosynthetic bacteria.
B) utilize the same pigments regardless of what organism they are in.
C) apparently evolved from mitochondria.
D) utilize DNA derived from the nucleus.
E) are all of these.

Question 25

The figure above represents

A) the algae that were to give rise to plants.
B) protists.
C) fungi.
D) soil bacterium with primitive membrane folds.
E) all of these.

Question 26

Which of the following is the strongest evidence for the idea that present-day eukaryotic aerobes are the descendants of the successful symbiotic association of anaerobes and aerobes?

A) Mitochondria can produce ATP.
B) A mitochondrion can survive indefinitely when removed from a eukaryotic cell.
C) A mitochondrion has its own set of DNA molecules.
D) Fossilized mitochondria are older than the oldest fossilized eukaryotes.
E) All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.

Question 27

The following questions refer to the figure above.
The area in the figure marked "A" is likely to become

A) vacuoles.
B) Golgi bodies.
C) mitochondria.
D) chloroplasts in some cells.
E) endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 28

According to the endosymbiont hypothesis, eukaryotic cells evolved after and as a consequence of

A) the cyclic pathway of photosynthesis.
B) anaerobic respiration.
C) cell division.
D) mutual dependency.
E) chemosynthesis.

Question 29

The mitochondrion

A) has its own DNA.
B) DNA has few noncoding regions between genes.
C) resembles bacteria in size.
D) resembles bacteria in structure.
E) is all of these.

Question 30

The archea include which of the following?

A) extreme thermophiles
B) alga
C) protista
D) animals
E) all of these

Question 31

Chloroplasts are thought to have originated as endosymbiotic associations when aerobic bacteria engulfed photosynthetic cells.This relationship was favored by the production of ____ by the endosymbiont.

A) glucose
B) hydrogen ions
C) ATP
D) oxygen
E) water

Question 32

Which of the following is the probable basis for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A) Cells eat each other.
B) Light is an energy source.
C) ATP can carry energy.
D) Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis.
E) Energy can be transformed from one form to another.

Question 33

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Thermus aquaticus

Question 34

During the first major divergence of life the atmosphere was

A) high oxygen, high carbon dioxide.
B) high hydrogen, low oxygen.
C) changing from anaerobic to aerobic.
D) firmly in the age of aerobes.
E) all of these.

Question 35

The endomembrane system did not start developing until the atmosphere was

A) high oxygen, high carbon dioxide.
B) high hydrogen, low oxygen.
C) changing from low oxygen to high oxygen.
D) firmly in the age of aerobes.
E) all of these.

Question 36

Aerobic respiration evolved in

A) some bacteria.
B) some archea.
C) animals.
D) mitochondria.
E) in some bacteria and some archea.

Question 37

The endosymbiont hypothesis is supported by the work of ____ on bacteria-infected Amoeba proteus.

A) Stanley Miller
B) Kwang Jeon
C) Thomas Brock
D) Lynn Margulis
E) Australian researchers

Question 38

The following questions refer to the figure above.
The figure represents the development of ____ in eukaryotic cells.

A) the nuclear envelope
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplasts
D) Golgi bodies
E) chromosomes

Question 39

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Cyanidium caldarium

Question 40

The earliest type of eukaryotic organism currently known is a type of

A) virus.
B) bacterium.
C) alga.
D) animal-like protist.
E) fungus.

Question 41

Proteins that speed metabolic reactions might have first formed when reactants could have begun interacting inside tiny holes in rocks near deep-sea __________.

Question 42

Laboratory simulations provide indirect evidence that organic compounds such as __________ and __________ self-assemble spontaneously under conditions like those thought to have prevailed on the early Earth.

Question 43

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Bangiomorpha pubescens

Question 44

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
proto-cells

Question 45

Classification.Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Thomas Brock
b.Stanley Miller
c.Kwang Jeon
d.Lynn Margulis
e.Oliver Hardy
He/she discovered an organism that contains a heat-resistant enzyme.

Question 46

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Amoeba proteus

Question 47

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
stromatolites

Question 48

What can RNA do that DNA cannot that makes RNA a good starting point for life?

Question 49

According to the __________, the universe formed about 13 to 15 billion years ago and is still expanding.

Question 50

Are the three methods of producing the building blocks of life proposed in this chapter mutually exclusive?

Question 51

Classification.Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Thomas Brock
b.Stanley Miller
c.Kwang Jeon
d.Lynn Margulis
e.Oliver Hardy
He/she is a major proponent of endosymbiosis.

Question 52

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
glaucophyte

Question 53

Classification.Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Thomas Brock
b.Stanley Miller
c.Kwang Jeon
d.Lynn Margulis
e.Oliver Hardy
He/she very early provided experimental evidence for endosymbiosis.

Question 54

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
nanobes

Question 55

Provide evidence to both support and refute the current existence of life on Mars?

Question 56

__________ is a field of study concerned with the origins, evolution, and persistence of life on Earth as it relates to life in the universe.

Question 57

Membrane-like structures form when proteins or lipids are mixed with water.They serve as a model for __________, which may have preceded cells.

Question 58

Classification.Choose the proper item below for the following statements.
a.Thomas Brock
b.Stanley Miller
c.Kwang Jeon
d.Lynn Margulis
e.Oliver Hardy
He/she conducted the first primitive atmosphere simulation experiment.

Question 59

MATCHING
Matching.Choose the most appropriate letter.
a.contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b.simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c.red alga resident of hot springs
d.first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e.source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f.offered support for endosymbiosis
g.dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h.protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i.earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
cyanobacteria

Question 60

Would the evidence suggest that mitochondria or chloroplasts were the first to go through endosymbiosis?